{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T15:58:02Z","timestamp":1791907082806,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]],"date-time":"2021-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are one of the most feared complications associated with liver transplantation, with high rates of morbidity and mortality. We discuss the most common invasive fungal infections in the setting of liver transplant, including Candida, Aspergillus, and Cryptococcal infections, and some less frequent but devastating mold infections. Further, we evaluate the use of prophylaxis to prevent invasive fungal infection in this population as a promising mechanism to reduce risks to patients after liver transplant.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7070524","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]],"date-time":"2021-06-29T22:39:43Z","timestamp":1625006383000},"page":"524","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Fungal Infections in Liver Transplant Recipients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Scolarici","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Jorgenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Saddler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeannina","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-2277.2002.tb00176.x","article-title":"Antifungal prophylaxis in liver transplant recipients: A randomized placebo-controlled study","volume":"15","author":"Biancofiore","year":"2002","journal-title":"Transpl. Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1086\/345441","article-title":"Trends in Risk Profiles for and Mortality Associated with Invasive Aspergillosis among Liver Transplant Recipients","volume":"36","author":"Singh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-014-9740-x","article-title":"Invasive Mycosis in Medical Intensive Care Unit Patients with Severe Alcoholic Hepatitis","volume":"177","author":"Lahmer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000126760.45299.69","article-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans Infection in Patients with Cirrhosis, Including Liver Transplant Candidates","volume":"83","author":"Singh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200201150-00011","article-title":"Trends in invasive fungal infections in liver transplant recipients: Correlation with evolution in transplantation practices","volume":"73","author":"Singh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13250","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.13250","article-title":"Incidence and outcomes of invasive fungal infection among solid organ transplant recipients: A population-based cohort study","volume":"22","author":"Naylor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1086\/651262","article-title":"Invasive Fungal Infections among Organ Transplant Recipients: Results of the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network (transnet)","volume":"50","author":"Pappas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e159","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz1113","article-title":"Burden and Timeline of Infectious Diseases in the First Year After Solid Organ Transplantation in the Swiss Transplant Cohort Study","volume":"71","author":"Stampf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13195","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.13195","article-title":"Candidemia in solid organ transplant recipients in Spain: Epidemiological trends and determinants of outcome","volume":"21","author":"Cardozo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12613","article-title":"The epidemiology and outcomes of invasive Candida infections among organ transplant recipients in the United States: Results of the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network (transnet)","volume":"18","author":"Andes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"3673","article-title":"Candida auris outbreak involving liver transplant recipients in a surgical intensive care unit","volume":"20","author":"Theodoropoulos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arab. Archaeol. Epigr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1315399","article-title":"Invasive Candidiasis","volume":"373","author":"Kullberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/170.3.644","article-title":"Risk factors for invasive fungal infections complicating orthotopic liver transplantation","volume":"170","author":"Collins","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199503000-00009","article-title":"Major infectious complications after orthotopic liver transplantation and comparison of outcomes in patients receiving cyclosporine or FK506 as primary immunosuppression","volume":"59","author":"Hadley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000001356","article-title":"Surgical Site Infections after Liver Transplantation: Emergence of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria and Implications for Prophylaxis and Treatment Strategies","volume":"100","author":"Viehman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.7.3.297","article-title":"Fungal infections in solid organ transplantation","volume":"7","author":"Marik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clancy, C.J., and Nguyen, M.H. (2018). Diagnosing Invasive Candidiasis. J. Clin. Microbiol., 56.","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01909-17"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03567-13","article-title":"Use and Limits of (1-3)-D-Glucan Assay (Fungitell), Compared to Galactomannan Determination (Platelia aspergillus), for Diagnosis of Invasive Aspergillosis","volume":"52","author":"Sulahian","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03018-14","article-title":"Contribution of (1,3)-Beta-d-Glucan to Diagnosis of Invasive Candidiasis after Liver Transplantation","volume":"53","author":"Levesque","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12817","article-title":"Evaluation of a new T2 Magnetic Resonance assay for rapid detection of emergent fungal pathogen Candida auris on clinical skin swab samples","volume":"61","author":"Sexton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01602-10","article-title":"PCR Diagnosis of Invasive Candidiasis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"49","author":"Avni","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13623","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.13623","article-title":"Candida infections in solid organ transplantation: Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice","volume":"33","author":"Aslam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ933","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"62","author":"Pappas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.24032","article-title":"Invasive aspergillosis in liver transplant recipients: Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes in 116 cases","volume":"21","author":"Barchiesi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Liver Transplant."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2012.08.003","article-title":"Clinical epidemiology of 960 patients with invasive aspergillosis from the PATH Alliance registry","volume":"65","author":"Steinbach","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02114892","article-title":"Risk factors for systemic fungal infections in liver transplant recipients","volume":"14","author":"Briegel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/166.6.1379","article-title":"Factors Associated with Invasive Lung Aspergillosis and the Significance of Positive Aspergillus Culture after Liver Transplantation","volume":"166","author":"Kusne","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A\u00eft-Ammar, N., Levesque, E., Murat, J.-B., Imbert, S., Foulet, F., Dannaoui, E., and Botterel, F. (2018). Aspergillus pseudodeflectus: A new human pathogen in liver transplant patients. BMC Infect. Dis., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3527-5"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e72","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000000174","article-title":"Multiple Aspergillus Brain Abscesses After Liver Transplantation","volume":"97","author":"Choudhury","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transplant"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.1.5.13110","article-title":"Successful, combined long-term treatment of cerebral aspergillosis in a liver transplant patient","volume":"1","author":"Tsitsopoulos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2004.00039.x","article-title":"Deep sinus aspergillosis in a liver transplant recipient successfully treated with a combination of caspofungin and voriconazole","volume":"6","author":"Tsiodras","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw326","article-title":"Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Aspergillosis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"63","author":"Patterson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e429","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/39784231","article-title":"Radiological and clinical findings of 25 patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: Retrospective analysis of 2150 liver transplantation cases","volume":"85","author":"Qin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.2500\/105065894781874485","article-title":"Invasive Fungal Sinusitis following Liver or Bone Marrow Transplantation","volume":"8","author":"Johnson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000000763","article-title":"Performance Characteristics of Galactomannan and \u03b2-d-Glucan in High-Risk Liver Transplant Recipients","volume":"99","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00077-07","article-title":"Bronchoalveolar Lavage Galactomannan in Diagnosis of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis among Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients","volume":"45","author":"Clancy","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levesque, E., Rizk, F., Noorah, Z., A\u00eft-Ammar, N., Cordonnier-Jourdin, C., El Anbassi, S., Bonnal, C., Azoulay, D., Merle, J.-C., and Botterel, F. (2017). Detection of (1,3)-\u03b2-d-Glucan for the Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Infection in Liver Transplant Recipients. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18040862"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2015.10.006","article-title":"Cryptococcosis","volume":"30","author":"Maziarz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.10.017","article-title":"Epidemiology of Cryptococcus and cryptococcosis in China","volume":"78","author":"Fang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fungal Genet. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12370","article-title":"Cryptococcus gattii infection in solid organ transplant recipients: Description of Oregon outbreak cases","volume":"17","author":"Forrest","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13543","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.13543","article-title":"Cryptococcosis in solid organ transplantation\u2014Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice","volume":"33","author":"Baddley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1086\/592690","article-title":"Immunocompromised Hosts: Cryptococcosis in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: Current State of the Science","volume":"47","author":"Singh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3062.2002.t01-1-02005.x","article-title":"Cryptococcal meningitis: An analysis among 5521 consecutive organ transplant recipients","volume":"4","author":"Wu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI42949","article-title":"Cryptococci at the brain gate: Break and enter or use a Trojan horse?","volume":"120","author":"Casadevall","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.10.003","article-title":"Cryptococcosis diagnosis and treatment: What do we know now","volume":"78","author":"Perfect","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fungal Genet. Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1086\/511438","article-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans in organ transplant recipients: Impact of calcineurin-inhibitor agents on mortality","volume":"195","author":"Singh","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2004.01706.x","article-title":"Primary cutaneous cryptococcal cellulitis secondary to insect bite in an immunosupressed patient after liver transplantation","volume":"30","author":"Redondo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-132-3-200002010-00006","article-title":"Evidence of zoonotic transmission of Cryptococcus neoformans from a pet cockatoo to an immunocompromised patient","volume":"132","author":"Nosanchuk","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v12.i5.253","article-title":"Transmission of cryptococcosis by liver transplantation: A case report and review of literature","volume":"12","author":"Ferreira","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"16","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of a new cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay in serum and cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"45","author":"Vijayan","year":"2013","journal-title":"MLO Med. Lab. Obs."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1086\/649858","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the infectious diseases society of america","volume":"50","author":"Perfect","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1086\/430606","article-title":"An Immune Reconstitution Syndrome-Like Illness Associated withCryptococcus neoformans Infection in Organ Transplant Recipients","volume":"40","author":"Singh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"560","article-title":"Dramatic Improvement of Severe Cryptococcosis-Induced Immune Reconstitution Syndrome With Adalimumab in a Renal Transplant Recipient","volume":"15","author":"Scemla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arab. Archaeol. Epigr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1053\/bbmt.1999.v5.pm10371357","article-title":"Fungal infections after bone marrow transplant","volume":"5","author":"Wingard","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1086\/426445","article-title":"Infections Due to Scedosporium apiospermum and Scedosporium prolificans in Transplant Recipients: Clinical Characteristics and Impact of Antifungal Agent Therapy on Outcome","volume":"40","author":"Husain","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200202150-00026","article-title":"Successful Treatment of Mucor Infection after Liver or Pancreas-Kidney Transplantation","volume":"73","author":"Lumbreras","year":"2002","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-198510000-00002","article-title":"Fungal infections in liver transplant recipients","volume":"40","author":"Wajszczuk","year":"1985","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13344","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.13344","article-title":"Isolated pulmonary fusariosis caused by Neocosmospora pseudensiformis in a liver transplant recipient: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"22","author":"Yamasmith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00039-07","article-title":"Infections Caused by Scedosporium spp","volume":"21","author":"Cortez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2003.8680","article-title":"Infection of the CNS by Scedosporium apiospermum after near drowning. Report of a fatal case and analysis of its confounding factors","volume":"57","author":"Kowacs","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"1","article-title":"Scedosporiosis in a Combined Kidney and Liver Transplant Recipient: A Case Report of Possible Transmission from a Near-Drowning Donor","volume":"2016","author":"Leek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2007.01.011","article-title":"Scedosporium apiospermum (Pseudoallescheria boydii) Infection in Lung Transplant Recipients","volume":"26","author":"Sahi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hear. Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2016.04.005","article-title":"Scedosporium apiospermum infections and the role of combination antifungal therapy and GM-CSF: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"11","author":"Goldman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Mycol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.2.236","article-title":"Zygomycetes in human disease","volume":"13","author":"Ribes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"2365","article-title":"Zygomycosis in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients in a Tertiary Transplant Center and Review of the Literature","volume":"6","author":"Almyroudis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arab. Archaeol. Epigr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/20.3.617","article-title":"Invasive Gastrointestinal Zygomycosis in a Liver Transplant Recipient: Case Report and Review of Zygomycosis in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients","volume":"20","author":"Singh","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4975(94)90243-7","article-title":"Pulmonary mucormycosis: Results of medical and surgical therapy","volume":"57","author":"Tedder","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Hatmi, A.M.S., Meis, J.F., and De Hoog, G.S. (2016). Fusarium: Molecular Diversity and Intrinsic Drug Resistance. PLoS Pathog., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005464"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/39.2.163","article-title":"In-vitro antifungal susceptibility of clinical and environmental Fusarium spp. strains","volume":"39","author":"Pujol","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199606000-00011","article-title":"Soft-Tissue Fungal Infections: Surgical Management of 12 Immunocompromised Patients","volume":"97","author":"Heinz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-4179(99)00037-6","article-title":"Topical nystatin powder in severe burns: A new treatment for angioinvasive fungal infections refractory to other topical and systemic agents","volume":"25","author":"Barret","year":"1999","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1086\/319753","article-title":"Fusarium infection after solid-organ transplantation","volume":"32","author":"Sampathkumar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12186","article-title":"Endemic fungal infections in solid organ and hematopoietic cell transplant recipients enrolled in the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network (transnet)","volume":"16","author":"Kauffman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linder, K.A., and Kauffman, C.A. (2020). Current and New Perspectives in the Diagnosis of Blastomycosis and Histoplasmosis. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7010012"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13553","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.13553","article-title":"Endemic fungal infections in solid organ transplant recipients\u2014Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice","volume":"33","author":"Miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1097\/MOT.0000000000000668","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis in solid organ transplant recipients","volume":"24","author":"Nanayakkara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Organ Transplant."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.20654","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis in liver transplantation","volume":"12","author":"Blair","year":"2006","journal-title":"Liver Transplant."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa276","article-title":"Clinical Manifestations and Outcomes in Immunocompetent and Immunocompromised Patients with Blastomycosis","volume":"72","author":"McBride","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit593","article-title":"Histoplasmosis after solid organ transplant","volume":"57","author":"Assi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3390\/jof1020094","article-title":"Histoplasmosis and Blastomycosis in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients","volume":"1","author":"Kauffman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Fungi"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00005-13","article-title":"Recent Advances in Our Understanding of the Environmental, Epidemiological, Immunological, and Clinical Dimensions of Coccidioidomycosis","volume":"26","author":"Nguyen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00056-09","article-title":"Clinical and Laboratory Update on Blastomycosis","volume":"23","author":"Saccente","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz1008","article-title":"Revision and Update of the Consensus Definitions of Invasive Fungal Disease From the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer and the Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium","volume":"71","author":"Donnelly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1086\/521259","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Histoplasmosis: 2007 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"45","author":"Wheat","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1086\/588300","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Blastomycosis: 2008 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"46","author":"Chapman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e112","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw360","article-title":"2016 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Coccidioidomycosis","volume":"63","author":"Galgiani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/24.2.216","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis in liver transplant patients","volume":"24","author":"Holt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/174.3.583","article-title":"Randomized Trial of Fluconazole versus Nystatin for the Prophylaxis of Candida Infection following Liver Transplantation","volume":"174","author":"Lumbreras","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000085653.11565.52","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of itraconazole prophylaxis for fungal infections after orthotopic liver transplantation: A prospective, randomized, double-blind study","volume":"76","author":"Sharpe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200209150-00017","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of oral itraconazole solution versus intravenous\/oral fluconazole for prevention of fungal infections in liver transplant recipients1","volume":"74","author":"Winston","year":"2002","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-131-10-199911160-00003","article-title":"Prophylactic Fluconazole in Liver Transplant Recipients","volume":"131","author":"Winston","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2005.10.043","article-title":"Prospective Interventional Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Liposomal Amphotericin B as Prophylaxis of Fungal Infections in High-Risk Liver Transplant Recipients","volume":"37","author":"Ponton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"180","article-title":"Targeted Versus Universal Antifungal Prophylaxis Among Liver Transplant Recipients","volume":"15","author":"Eschenauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arab. Archaeol. Epigr."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3181932e76","article-title":"Prophylaxis With Caspofungin for Invasive Fungal Infections in High-Risk Liver Transplant Recipients","volume":"87","author":"Montejo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2014.08.005","article-title":"Invasive Candida Infections in Low Risk Liver Transplant Patients Given No Antifungal Prophylaxis in the Post-operative Period","volume":"46","author":"Lavezzo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0507.1999.00266.x","article-title":"Systemic mycoses during prophylactical use of liposomal amphotericin B (Ambisome\u00ae) after liver transplantation","volume":"42","author":"Lorf","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"386","article-title":"Invasive Fungal Infections in Low-Risk Liver Transplant Recipients: A Multi-Center Prospective Observational Study","volume":"6","author":"Pappas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arab. Archaeol. Epigr."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2012.701765","article-title":"Outcomes associated with amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC) prophylaxis in high-risk liver transplant patients","volume":"51","author":"Saliba","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e31829d674f","article-title":"Micafungin Versus Amphotericin B Lipid Complex for the Prevention of Invasive Fungal Infections in High-Risk Liver Transplant Recipients","volume":"96","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"1195","article-title":"Prophylaxis with liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) prevents fungal infections in liver transplant recipients: Long-term results of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"27","author":"Tollemar","year":"1995","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13156","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.13156","article-title":"A targeted fungal prophylaxis protocol with static dosed fluconazole significantly reduces invasive fungal infection after liver transplantation","volume":"21","author":"Jorgenson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13544","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.13544","article-title":"Invasive Aspergillosis in solid-organ transplant recipients: Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice","volume":"33","author":"Husain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13223","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.13223","article-title":"Retrospective study evaluating the performance of risk factors for invasive mold infections in liver transplantation","volume":"22","author":"Neyra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-019-04241-w","article-title":"A Multicenter, Randomized, Open-Label Study to Compare Micafungin with Fluconazole in the Prophylaxis of Invasive Fungal Infections in Living-Donor Liver Transplant Recipients","volume":"24","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"2758","article-title":"Randomized, Double-Blind Trial of Anidulafungin Versus Fluconazole for Prophylaxis of Invasive Fungal Infections in High-Risk Liver Transplant Recipients","volume":"14","author":"Winston","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arab. Archaeol. Epigr."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chakravarti, A., Butler-Laporte, G., Carrier, F.M., Bilodeau, M., Huard, G., Corsilli, D., Savard, P., and Luong, M. (2021). Targeted caspofungin prophylaxis for invasive aspergillosis in high-risk liver transplant recipients, a single-center experience. Transpl. Infect. Dis., e13568.","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.13568"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.24365","article-title":"Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of voriconazole prophylaxis for prevention of invasive aspergillosis in high-risk liver transplant recipients","volume":"22","author":"Balogh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Liver Transplant."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000003276","article-title":"Liver Transplantation in Patients With Pretransplant Aspergillus Colonization: Is It Safe to Proceed?","volume":"105","author":"Amin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transplantation"}],"container-title":["Journal of Fungi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/7\/7\/524\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:27:27Z","timestamp":1760164047000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/7\/7\/524"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jof7070524"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof7070524","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-608X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2309-608X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]]}}}