{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T22:49:19Z","timestamp":1793573359959,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,10]],"date-time":"2021-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fungal ball (FB) rhinosinusitis (RS) is the main type of non-invasive fungal RS. Despite positive direct examination (DE) of biopsies, culture remains negative in more than 60% of cases. The aim of the study was to evaluate the performance\/efficacy of targeted metagenomics (TM) to analyze microbiota and mycobiota in FB and find microbial associations. Forty-five sinus biopsies from patients who underwent surgery for chronic RS were included. After DE and culture, DNA was extracted, then fungal ITS1\u2013ITS2 and bacterial V3\u2013V4 16S rDNA loci were sequenced (MiSeqTM Illumina). Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were defined via QIIME and assigned to SILVA (16S) and UNITE (ITS) databases. Statistical analyses were performed using SHAMAN. Thirty-eight patients had FB and seven had non-fungal rhinosinusitis (NFRS). DE and culture of FB were positive for fungi in 97.3 and 31.6% of patients, respectively. TM analysis of the 38 FB yielded more than one fungal genus in 100% of cases, with Aspergillus in 89.5% (34\/38). Haemophilus was over-represented in FB with &gt;1000 reads\/sample in 47.3% (18\/38) compared to NFRS (p &lt; 0.001). TM allowed fungal identification in biopsies with negative culture. Haemophilus was associated with FB. Pathogenesis could result from fungi\u2013bacteria interactions in a mixed biofilm-like structure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7070550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T00:23:36Z","timestamp":1626049416000},"page":"550","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Analysis of Microbiota and Mycobiota in Fungal Ball Rhinosinusitis: Specific Interaction between Aspergillus fumigatus and Haemophilus influenza?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3821-1762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Delli\u00e8re","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Parasitologie-Mycologie, D\u00e9partement de Pr\u00e9vention, Diagnostic et Traitement des Infections, APHP, GHU H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, 94010 Cr\u00e9teil, France"},{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Parasitologie-Mycologie, H\u00f4pital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique des H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, 75010 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2817-3830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Dannaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UR DYNAMiC 7380, Facult\u00e9 de Sant\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est Cr\u00e9teil, 94010 Cr\u00e9teil, France"},{"name":"UR DYNAMiC 7380, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, USC Anses, 94700 Maison-Alfort, France"},{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Parasitologie-Mycologie, D\u00e9partement de Microbiologie, H\u00f4pital Europ\u00e9en George Pompidou, APHP, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxime","family":"Fieux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement d\u2019Otorhinolaryngologie, H\u00f4pital Europ\u00e9en George Pompidou, APHP, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, 75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"Service d\u2019Otorhinolaryngologie, d\u2019Otoneurochirurgie et de Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69310 Pierre B\u00e9nite, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Bonfils","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement d\u2019Otorhinolaryngologie, H\u00f4pital Europ\u00e9en George Pompidou, APHP, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Gricourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plate-Forme Genomiques, APHP-IMRB, GHU H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, UPEC, 94010 Cr\u00e9teil, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Demontant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plate-Forme Genomiques, APHP-IMRB, GHU H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, UPEC, 94010 Cr\u00e9teil, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Podglajen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Bact\u00e9riologie, D\u00e9partement de Microbiologie, H\u00f4pital Europ\u00e9en George Pompidou, APHP, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul-Louis","family":"Woerther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UR DYNAMiC 7380, Facult\u00e9 de Sant\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est Cr\u00e9teil, 94010 Cr\u00e9teil, France"},{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Bact\u00e9riologie, D\u00e9partement de Pr\u00e9vention, Diagnostic et Traitement des Infections, APHP, GHU H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, 94010 Cr\u00e9teil, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7641-3002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"Angebault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Parasitologie-Mycologie, D\u00e9partement de Pr\u00e9vention, Diagnostic et Traitement des Infections, APHP, GHU H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, 94010 Cr\u00e9teil, France"},{"name":"UR DYNAMiC 7380, Facult\u00e9 de Sant\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est Cr\u00e9teil, 94010 Cr\u00e9teil, France"},{"name":"UR DYNAMiC 7380, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, USC Anses, 94700 Maison-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3028-2665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fran\u00e7oise","family":"Botterel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Parasitologie-Mycologie, D\u00e9partement de Pr\u00e9vention, Diagnostic et Traitement des Infections, APHP, GHU H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, 94010 Cr\u00e9teil, France"},{"name":"UR DYNAMiC 7380, Facult\u00e9 de Sant\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est Cr\u00e9teil, 94010 Cr\u00e9teil, France"},{"name":"UR DYNAMiC 7380, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, USC Anses, 94700 Maison-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Pleis, J.R., Lucas, J.W., and Ward, B.W. (2009). Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin20.401","article-title":"European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps","volume":"58","author":"Fokkens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2018.06.016","article-title":"Pediatric rhinosinusitis and asthma","volume":"141","author":"Poddighe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1177\/014556130708600719","article-title":"The prevalence and effect of asthma on adults with chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"86","author":"Seybt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.23912","article-title":"Survival outcomes in acute invasive fungal sinusitis: A systematic review and quantitative synthesis of published evidence","volume":"123","author":"Turner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2006.08.014","article-title":"Risk of maxillary fungus ball in patients with endodontic treatment on maxillary teeth: A case-control study","volume":"103","author":"Mensi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2015.07.004","article-title":"Fungal Sinusitis","volume":"25","author":"Raz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2010.525537","article-title":"Degradation of fungal DNA in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sinus fungal balls hampers reliable sequence-based identification of fungi","volume":"49","author":"Cabaret","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2007.01416.x","article-title":"Paranasal sinus fungus ball: Diagnosis and management","volume":"50","author":"Pagella","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12702","article-title":"PCR-based detection of Aspergillus fumigatus and absence of azole resistance due to TR34\/L98H in a french multicenter cohort of 137 patients with fungal rhinosinusitis","volume":"61","author":"Morio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/gm467","article-title":"The human mycobiome in health and disease","volume":"5","author":"Cui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genome Med. BioMed. Central"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumpitsch, C., Koskinen, K., Sch\u00f6pf, V., and Moissl-Eichinger, C. (2019). The microbiome of the upper respiratory tract in health and disease. BMC Biol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-019-0703-z"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"207","article-title":"The Mycobiome in Health and Disease: Emerging Concepts, Methodologies and Challenges","volume":"185","author":"Tiew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21297","article-title":"The fungal microbiome in chronic rhinosinusitis: Richness, diversity, postoperative changes and patient outcomes","volume":"4","author":"Cleland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Forum. Allergy Rhinology."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26702","article-title":"Role of fungi in chronic rhinosinusitis through ITS sequencing","volume":"128","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12296","article-title":"Analysis of the nasal vestibule mycobiome in patients with allergic rhinitis","volume":"58","author":"Jung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2008.02.002","article-title":"Biofilms with fungi in chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"138","author":"Healy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks808","article-title":"Evaluation of general 16S ribosomal RNA gene PCR primers for classical and next-generation sequencing-based diversity studies","volume":"41","author":"Klindworth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S., and Taylor, J. (1990). Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. PCR Protocols a Guide to Methods and Applications, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angebault, C., Payen, M., Woerther, P.-L., Rodriguez, C., and Botterel, F. (2020). Combined bacterial and fungal targeted amplicon sequencing of respiratory samples: Does the DNA extraction method matter?. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232215"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2276","article-title":"Quality-filtering vastly improves diversity estimates from Illumina amplicon sequencing","volume":"10","author":"Bokulich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9","article-title":"Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME","volume":"37","author":"Bolyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00191-16","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00191-16","article-title":"Deblur Rapidly Resolves Single-Nucleotide Community Sequence Patterns","volume":"2","author":"Amir","year":"2017","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D590","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1219","article-title":"The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: Improved data processing and web-based tools","volume":"41","author":"Quast","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myv008","article-title":"International Society of Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM)-ITS reference DNA barcoding database--the quality controlled standard tool for routine identification of human and animal pathogenic fungi","volume":"53","author":"Irinyi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2584-22","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2584","article-title":"VSEARCH: A versatile open source tool for metagenomics","volume":"4","author":"Rognes","year":"2016","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.5598\/imafungus.2013.04.02.16","article-title":"MycoBank gearing up for new horizons","volume":"4","author":"Robert","year":"2013","journal-title":"IMA Fungus"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5069","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03006-05","article-title":"Greengenes, a Chimera-Checked 16S rRNA Gene Database and Workbench Compatible with ARB","volume":"72","author":"DeSantis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D633","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1244","article-title":"Ribosomal Database Project: Data and tools for high throughput rRNA analysis","volume":"42","author":"Cole","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24","DOI":"10.5808\/GI.2018.16.4.e24","article-title":"Evaluation of 16S rRNA Databases for Taxonomic Assignments Using a Mock Community","volume":"16","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genom. Inf."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"635","article-title":"Uniting the classification of cultured and uncultured bacteria and archaea using 16S rRNA gene sequences","volume":"12","author":"Yarza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volant, S., Lechat, P., Woringer, P., Motreff, L., Campagne, P., Malabat, C., Kennedy, S., and Ghozlane, A. (2020). SHAMAN: A user-friendly website for metataxonomic analysis from raw reads to statistical analysis. BMC Bioinform., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-020-03666-4"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","article-title":"Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq","volume":"15","author":"Love","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5706","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1523899113","article-title":"Bacteriocin from epidemic Listeriastrains alters the host intestinal microbiota to favor infection","volume":"113","author":"Quereda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"95","article-title":"Mycobiome diversity: High-throughput sequencing and identification of fungi","volume":"17","author":"Nilsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NIH HMP Working Group, Peterson, J., Garges, S., Giovanni, M., McInnes, P., Wang, L., Schloss, J.A., Bonazzi, V., McEwen, J.E., and Wetterstrand, K.A. (2009). The NIH Human Microbiome Project. Genome Res., 19, 2317\u20132323.","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.096651.109"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12617","article-title":"Difficulties with molecular diagnostic tests for mould and yeast infections: Where do we stand?","volume":"20","author":"Alanio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6241","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1117018109","article-title":"Fungal Barcoding Consortium Author List Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as a universal DNA barcode marker for Fungi","volume":"109","author":"Schoch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funeco.2012.09.003","article-title":"Comparison of ITS1 and ITS2 rDNA in 454 sequencing of hyperdiverse fungal communities","volume":"6","author":"Bazzicalupo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fungal Ecol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.12065","article-title":"ITS1 versus ITS2 as DNA metabarcodes for fungi","volume":"13","author":"Blaalid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Resour."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6941.12046","article-title":"Utilizing ITS1 and ITS2 to study environmental fungal diversity using pyrosequencing","volume":"84","author":"Monard","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.12325","article-title":"ITS1: A DNA barcode better than ITS2 in eukaryotes?","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Resour."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, R.-H., Su, J.-H., Shang, J.-J., Wu, Y.-Y., Li, Y., Bao, D.-P., and Yao, Y.-J. (2018). Evaluation of the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS), specifically ITS1 and ITS2, for the analysis of fungal diversity by deep sequencing. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206428"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.4137\/EBO.S653","article-title":"Intraspecific ITS variability in the kingdom fungi as expressed in the international sequence databases and its implications for molecular species identification","volume":"4","author":"Nilsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Evol. Bioinform. Online"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lowe, R., Shirley, N., Bleackley, M., Dolan, S., and Shafee, T. (2017). Transcriptomics technologies. PLoS Comput. Biol., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005457"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lusk, R.W. (2014). Diverse and Widespread Contamination Evident in the Unmapped Depths of High Throughput Sequencing Data. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1101\/002279"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"5925","article-title":"Analysis of fungal ball rhinosinusitis by culturing fungal clumps under endoscopic surgery","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-019-0853-7","article-title":"The Role of Staphylococcus aureus in Patients with Chronic Sinusitis and Nasal Polyposis","volume":"19","author":"Vickery","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poddighe, D., and Vangelista, L. (2020). Staphylococcus aureus Infection and Persistence in Chronic Rhinosinusitis: Focus on Leukocidin ED. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12110678"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2011.02381.x","article-title":"Aspergillus biofilms: Clinical and industrial significance","volume":"324","author":"Ramage","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"563","article-title":"Biofilms: An emergent form of bacterial life","volume":"14","author":"Flemming","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hommel, B., Sturny-Leclere, A., Volant, S., Veluppillai, N., Duchateau, M., Yu, C.-H., Hourdel, V., Varet, H., Matondo, M., and Perfect, J.R. (2019). Cryptococcus neoformans resists to drastic conditions by switching to viable but non-culturable cell phenotype. PLoS Pathogens, 15.","DOI":"10.1101\/552836"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salma, M., Rousseaux, S., Sequeira-Le Grand, A., Divol, B., and Alexandre, H. (2013). Characterization of the Viable but Nonculturable (VBNC) State in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077600"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2009.01409.x","article-title":"In vivo biofilm composition of Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"12","author":"Loussert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2012.729138","article-title":"In vivo molecular microimaging of pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"51","author":"Morisse","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2850","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02850","article-title":"Interactions of Aspergillus fumigatus and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in an in vitro Mixed Biofilm Model: Does the Strain Matter?","volume":"9","author":"Melloul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0166325-18","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166325","article-title":"Characteristics of Aspergillus fumigatus in Association with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in an In Vitro Model of Mixed Biofilm","volume":"11","author":"Melloul","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"CD009249-14","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.574028","article-title":"Modulated Response of Aspergillus fumigatus and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia to Antimicrobial Agents in Polymicrobial Biofilm","volume":"10","author":"Roisin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4130","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00234-08","article-title":"Aspergillus fumigatus Forms Biofilms with Reduced Antifungal Drug Susceptibility on Bronchial Epithelial Cells","volume":"52","author":"Seidler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, M.J., Liu, H., Barker, B.M., Snarr, B.D., Gravelat, F.N., Al Abdallah, Q., Gavino, C., Baistrocchi, S.R., Ostapska, H., and Xiao, T. (2015). The Fungal Exopolysaccharide Galactosaminogalactan Mediates Virulence by Enhancing Resistance to Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. PLoS Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005187"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70734-0","article-title":"Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae, an under-recognised pathogen","volume":"14","author":"Slack","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17416","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53975-9","article-title":"Longitudinal study of the bacterial and fungal microbiota in the human sinuses reveals seasonal and annual changes in diversity","volume":"9","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-13-49","article-title":"Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae decreases cilia beating via protein kinase C epsilon","volume":"13","author":"Bailey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., He, S., Li, Y., Lv, M., Wei, H., Qu, B., Zheng, Y., and Hu, C. (2018). Distinguishing the dominant species of pathogen in ethmoidal sinusitis by sequencing DNA dataset analysis. Exp. Ther. Med., 4207\u20134212.","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2018.6726"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21138","article-title":"Bacterial-induced epithelial damage promotes fungal biofilm formation in a sheep model of sinusitis","volume":"3","author":"Boase","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Forum. Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wajima, T., Anzai, Y., Yamada, T., Ikoshi, H., and Noguchi, N. (2016). Oldenlandia diffusa Extract Inhibits Biofilm Formation by Haemophilus influenzae Clinical Isolates. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167335"}],"container-title":["Journal of Fungi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/7\/7\/550\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:28:52Z","timestamp":1760164132000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/7\/7\/550"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,10]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jof7070550"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof7070550","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-608X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2309-608X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,10]]}}}