{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T21:23:32Z","timestamp":1773264212162,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]],"date-time":"2021-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The physiopathologic characteristics of COVID-19 (high levels of inflammatory cytokines and T-cell reduction) promote fungal colonization and infection, which can go unnoticed because the symptoms in both diseases are very similar. The objective of this work was to study the current epidemiology of systemic mycosis in COVID-19 times. A literature search on the subject (January 2020\u2013February 2021) was performed in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and LILACS without language restrictions. Demographic data, etiological agent, risk factors, diagnostic methods, antifungal treatment, and fatality rate were considered. Eighty nine publications were found on co-infection by COVID-19 and pneumocystosis, candidiasis, aspergillosis, mucormycosis, coccidioidomycosis, or histoplasmosis. In general, the co-infections occurred in males over the age of 40 with immunosuppression caused by various conditions. Several species were identified in candidiasis and aspergillosis co-infections. For diagnosis, diverse methods were used, from microbiological to molecular. Most patients received antifungals; however, the fatality rates were 11\u2013100%. The latter may result because the clinical picture is usually attributed exclusively to SARS-CoV-2, preventing a clinical suspicion for mycosis. Diagnostic tests also have limitations beginning with sampling. Therefore, in the remainder of the pandemic, these diagnostic limitations must be overcome to achieve a better patient prognosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7070556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]],"date-time":"2021-07-13T22:25:31Z","timestamp":1626215131000},"page":"556","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Epidemiology of Systemic Mycoses in the COVID-19 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3160-8698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Guadalupe","family":"Fr\u00edas-De-Le\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico PC 56530, Estado de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5210-5395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodolfo","family":"Pinto-Almaz\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico PC 56530, Estado de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"},{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n s\/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Alcald\u00eda Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico PC 11340, Estado de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rigoberto","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ecolog\u00eda de Agentes Pat\u00f3genos, Hospital General \u201cDr. Manuel Gea Gonz\u00e1lez\u201d, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico PC 14080, Estado de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Garc\u00eda-Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico PC 56530, Estado de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"},{"name":"Maestr\u00eda en Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n s\/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Alcald\u00eda Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico PC 11340, Estado de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Meza-Meneses","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maestr\u00eda en Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n s\/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Alcald\u00eda Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico PC 11340, Estado de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"},{"name":"Servicio de Infectolog\u00eda, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico PC 56530, Estado de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9939-0771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Cerdeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Efficiency, Quality, and Costs in Health Services Research Group (EFISALUD), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, PC 36213 Vigo, Spain"},{"name":"Dermatology Department, Hospital Vithas Ntra. Sra. de F\u00e1tima and University of Vigo, PC 36206 Vigo, Spain"},{"name":"Campus Universitario, University of Vigo, PC 36310 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Arenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Efficiency, Quality, and Costs in Health Services Research Group (EFISALUD), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, PC 36213 Vigo, Spain"},{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Micolog\u00eda, Hospital General \u201cDr. Manuel Gea Gonz\u00e1lez\u201d, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico PC 14080, Estado de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Conde-Cuevas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maestr\u00eda en Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n s\/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Alcald\u00eda Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico PC 11340, Estado de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gustavo","family":"Acosta-Altamirano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico PC 56530, Estado de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7298-158X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erick","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico PC 56530, Estado de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"},{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n s\/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Alcald\u00eda Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico PC 11340, Estado de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"},{"name":"Efficiency, Quality, and Costs in Health Services Research Group (EFISALUD), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, PC 36213 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2021, March 21). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. Available online: https:\/\/covid19.who.int\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648","article-title":"Characteristics of and important lessons from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: Summary of a report of 72,314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","volume":"323","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2020.08.011","article-title":"The novel coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19): Mechanism of action, detection and recent therapeutic strategies","volume":"551","author":"Nikzad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2020.06.013","article-title":"Lymphopenia during the COVID-19 infection: What it shows and what can be learned","volume":"225","author":"Tavakolpour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.riam.2020.07.001","article-title":"Fungal co-infection in COVID-19 patients: Should we be concerned?","volume":"37","author":"Salavert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Iberoam. Micol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2020-0156","article-title":"Systemic mycoses: A potential alert for complications in COVID-19 patients","volume":"15","author":"Araujo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2011.00202.x","article-title":"Isolation of Aspergillus in three 2009 H1N1 influenza patients","volume":"5","author":"Adalja","year":"2011","journal-title":"Influenza Other Resp. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir485","article-title":"Invasive aspergillosis complicating pandemic influenza A (H1N1) infection in severely immunocompromised patients","volume":"53","author":"Barba","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-012-2673-2","article-title":"Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is a frequent complication of critically ill H1N1 patients: A retrospective study","volume":"38","author":"Wauters","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofw171","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofw171","article-title":"Invasive aspergillosis associated with severe influenza infection","volume":"3","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Forum. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van de Veerdonk, F.L., Kolwijck, E., Lestrade, P.P.A., Hodiamont, C.J., Rijnders, B.J.A., van Paassen, J., Haas, P.J., Oliveira Dos Santos, C., Kampinga, G.A., and Bergmans, D.C. (2017). Influenza-associated aspergillosis in critically ill patients. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201612-2540LE"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30274-1","article-title":"Invasive aspergillosis in patients admitted to the intensive care unit with severe influenza: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Schauwvlieghe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000504","article-title":"Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis complicating severe influenza: Epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"31","author":"Vanderbeke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2019.04.007","article-title":"Case report: Disseminated aspergillosis complicating influenza","volume":"24","author":"Immel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Mycol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.031","article-title":"Intensive care management of influenza-associated pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"25","author":"Koehler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S193","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz682","article-title":"Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in adults with avian influenza A (H7N9) pneumonia in China: A retrospective study","volume":"221","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800247","article-title":"Pulmonary pathology of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Toronto","volume":"18","author":"Hwang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200307313490519","article-title":"Fatal aspergillosis in a patient with SARS who was treated with corticosteroids","volume":"349","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.10.034","article-title":"The presence of Pneumocystis jirovecii in critically ill patients with COVID-19","volume":"82","author":"Alanio","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.07.061","article-title":"Concurrent COVID-19 and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in a severely immunocompromised 25-year-old patient","volume":"99","author":"Bhat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202007-2938LE","article-title":"COVID-19-related respiratory failure and lymphopenia do not seem associated with pneumocystosis","volume":"202","author":"Blaize","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-020-05234-w","article-title":"A complex COVID-19 case with rheumatoid arthritis treated with tocilizumab","volume":"39","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002571","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: A diagnostic dilemma in HIV","volume":"34","author":"Coleman","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Francesco, M.A., Alberici, F., Bossini, N., Scolari, F., Pascucci, F., Tomasoni, G., and Caruso, A. (2020). Pneumocystis jirevocii and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection: A common feature in transplant recipients?. Vaccines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8030544"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"rs.3.rs-53350","article-title":"The diagnostic trap occurred in two COVID-19 cases combined Pneumocystis pneumonia in patient with AIDS","volume":"10","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Sq."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"554","article-title":"Diagn\u00f3stico simult\u00e1neo y evoluci\u00f3n favorable de infecci\u00f3n por Pneumocystis jirovecii, SARS-COV-2 y HIV avanzada","volume":"80","author":"Vilela","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa906","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection in newly diagnosed HIV-1 infection","volume":"72","author":"Mang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202003-0766LE","article-title":"A Case of COVID-19 and Pneumocystis jirovecii coinfection","volume":"202","author":"Menon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"100814","article-title":"COVID-19 and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: Back to the basics","volume":"79","author":"Mouren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/24725625.2020.1832755","article-title":"Fatal outcome of anti-MDA5 juvenile dermatomyositis in a paediatric COVID-19 patient: A case report","volume":"5","author":"Remesal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mod. Rheumatol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofaa633","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa633","article-title":"Pneumocystis and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 coinfection: A case report and review of an emerging diagnostic dilemma","volume":"8","author":"Rubiano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open. Forum. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-020-01458-9","article-title":"Successful management of the first reported case in Austria of COVID-19 with ARDS","volume":"48","author":"Seitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riche, C.V.W., Cassol, R., and Pasqualotto, A.C. (2020). Is the frequency of candidemia increasing in COVID-19 patients receiving corticosteroids?. J. Fungi, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6040286"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13225","article-title":"Increased incidence of candidemia in a tertiary care hospital with the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"64","author":"Nucci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198005","article-title":"Co-infection with respiratory pathogens among COVID-2019 cases","volume":"285","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study","volume":"395","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2020.126","article-title":"Nosocomial infection among patients with COVID-19: A retrospective data analysis of 918 cases from a single center in Wuhan, China","volume":"41","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2020.05.007","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and co-infections of 354 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"22","author":"Lv","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Rodriguez, J.Y., Le Pape, P., Lopez, O., Esquea, K., Labiosa, A.L., and Alvarez-Moreno, C. (2020). Candida auris: A latent threat to critically ill patients with COVID-19. Clin. Infect. Dis., ciaa1595."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3409","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S272605","article-title":"Predictors of severity and co-infection resistance profile in COVID-19 patients: First report from upper Egypt","volume":"13","author":"Ramadan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2694","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2611.203504","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant Candida auris infections in critically Ill coronavirus disease patients, India, April-July 2020","volume":"26","author":"Chowdhary","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13137","article-title":"Oropharyngeal candidiasis in hospitalised COVID-19 patients from Iran: Species identification and antifungal susceptibility pattern","volume":"63","author":"Salehi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102564","article-title":"Tocilizumab for cytokine storm syndrome in COVID-19 pneumonia: An increased risk for candidemia?","volume":"19","author":"Antinori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calderaro, A., Buttrini, M., Montecchini, S., Piccolo, G., Martinelli, M., Dell\u2019Anna, M.L., Di Maio, A., Arcangeletti, M.C., Maccari, C., and De Conto, F. (2021). Detection of SARS-CoV-2 and other infectious agents in lower respiratory tract samples belonging to patients admitted to intensive care units of a tertiary-care hospital, located in an epidemic area, during the Italian lockdown. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9010185"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2020.10.004","article-title":"Incidence of bacterial and fungal bloodstream infections in COVID-19 patients in intensive care: An alarming \u201ccollateral effect\u201d","volume":"23","author":"Cataldo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magnasco, L., Mikulska, M., Giacobbe, D.R., Taramasso, L., Vena, A., Dentone, C., Dettori, S., Tutino, S., Labate, L., and Di Pilato, V. (2021). Spread of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negatives and Candida auris during the COVID-19 pandemic in critically Ill patients: One step back in antimicrobial stewardship?. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9010095"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Posteraro, B., Torelli, R., Vella, A., Leone, P.M., De Angelis, G., De Carolis, E., Ventura, G., Sanguinetti, M., and Fantoni, M. (2020). Pan-echinocandin-resistant Candida glabrata bloodstream infection complicating COVID-19: A fatal case report. J. Fungi, 6.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202008.0198.v1"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13319","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13319","article-title":"Bloodstream infections in critically ill patients with COVID-19","volume":"50","author":"Giacobbe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"ciaa1594","article-title":"Candidemia in COVID-19 patients: Incidence and characteristics in a prospective cohort compared to historical non-COVID-19 controls","volume":"30","author":"Mastrangelo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allaw, F., Kara Zahreddine, N., Ibrahim, A., Tannous, J., Taleb, H., Bizri, A.R., Dbaibo, G., and Kanj, S.S. (2021). First Candida auris outbreak during a COVID-19 pandemic in a tertiary-care center in Lebanon. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10020157"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villanueva-Lozano, H., Trevi\u00f1o-Rangel, R.J., Gonz\u00e1lez, G.M., Ram\u00edrez-Elizondo, M.T., Lara-Medrano, R., Aleman-Bocanegra, M.C., Guajardo-Lara, C.E., Gaona-Ch\u00e1vez, N., Castilleja-Leal, F., and Torre-Amione, G. (2021). Outbreak of Candida auris infection in a COVID-19 hospital in Mexico. Clin. Microbiol. Infect.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.12.030"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.08.005","article-title":"COVID-19 associated invasive candidiasis","volume":"82","author":"Mohsin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Gorospe-Saras\u00faa, L., Gallego-Rivera, J.I., Mu\u00f1oz-Molina, G.M., Mirambeaux-Villalona, R.M., Ajuria-Illarramendi, O., Gonz\u00e1lez-Garc\u00eda, A., and Barbolla-D\u00edaz, I. (2020). Delayed Candida costochondritis and spondylitis in a post-COVID-19 patient previously treated with corticosteroids, antibiotics, and tocilizumab. Arch. Bronconeumol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.06.025","article-title":"Bacterial and fungal coinfection among hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study in a UK secondary-care setting","volume":"26","author":"Hughes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White, P.L., Dhillon, R., Cordey, A., Hughes, H., Faggian, F., Soni, S., Pandey, M., Whitaker, H., May, A., and Morgan, M. (2020). A national strategy to diagnose COVID-19 associated invasive fungal disease in the ICU. Clin. Infect. Dis., ciaa1298.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3644400"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7002e3","article-title":"Candida auris outbreak in a COVID-19 specialty care unit-Florida, July-August 2020","volume":"70","author":"Prestel","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"e12064","article-title":"COVID-19 in patients with hematologic-oncologic risk factors: Complications in three patients","volume":"12","author":"Tafti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bishburg, E., Okoh, A., Nagarakanti, S.R., Lindner, M., Migliore, C., and Patel, P. (2020). Fungemia in COVID-19 ICU patients, a single medical center experience. J. Med. Virol., 2810\u20132814.","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26633"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqaa264","article-title":"Pulmonary pathology of COVID-19 following 8 weeks to 4 months of severe disease: A report of three cases, including one with bilateral lung transplantation","volume":"155","author":"Aesif","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macauley, P., and Epelbaum, O. (2021). Epidemiology and mycology of candidemia in non-oncological medical intensive care unit patients in a tertiary center in the united states: Overall analysis and comparison between non-COVID-19 and COVID-19 cases. Mycoses.","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13258"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13216","article-title":"Accuracy of galactomannan testing on tracheal aspirates in COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"64","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2701.202896","article-title":"Aspergillosis complicating severe coronavirus disease","volume":"27","author":"Marr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meijer, E.F.J., Dofferhoand, A.S.M., Meis, J.F., Hoiting, O., and Buil, J.B. (2020). Azole-resistant COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis in an immunocompetent host: A case report. J. Fungi, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6020079"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0401-2020","article-title":"Confirmed invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and COVID-19: The value of postmortem findings to support antemortem management","volume":"53","author":"Santana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13254","article-title":"COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis: A prospective single-center dual case series","volume":"64","author":"Meijer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2020.06.002","article-title":"COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA): An Australian case report","volume":"31","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Mycol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.153305","article-title":"COVID-19 autopsies: Procedure, technical aspects and cause of fatal course. Experiences from a single-center","volume":"217","author":"Skok","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13135","article-title":"COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) in patients admitted with severe COVID-19 pneumonia: An observational study from Pakistan","volume":"63","author":"Nasir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2020.0110","article-title":"Dynamic Immune Response Profiles and Recovery of a COVID-19 Patient with Coinfection of Aspergillus fumigatus and Other Baseline Diseases: A Case Report","volume":"24","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Omi. A. J. Integr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"337","article-title":"Fatal aspergillosis complicating severe SARS-CoV-2 infection: A case report","volume":"14","author":"Schein","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mycol. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2020.e00935","article-title":"Fatal Coronavirus Disease 2019-associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis; A Report of Two Cases and Review of the Literature","volume":"22","author":"Abdalla","year":"2020","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2607.201603","article-title":"Fatal Invasive Aspergillosis and Coronavirus Disease in an Immunocompetent Patient","volume":"26","author":"Blaize","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-020-00493-2","article-title":"Fatal Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in COVID-19 Patient with Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Iran","volume":"185","author":"Nasri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202005-1945LE","article-title":"Fungal infection during COVID-19: Does Aspergillus mean secondary invasive aspergillosis?","volume":"202","author":"Fekkar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2020.11.004","article-title":"Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and hyperthermia in an immunocompetent patient with COVID-19","volume":"31","author":"Haglund","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Mycol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13155","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Working Group. Isolation of Aspergillus spp. in respiratory samples of patients with COVID-19 in a Spanish Tertiary Care Hospital","volume":"63","author":"Maseda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multi-triazole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection: A lethal combination","volume":"31","author":"Mohamed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Mycol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202009-3400OC","article-title":"Occurrence of Invasive Pulmonary Fungal Infections in Patients with Severe COVID-19 Admitted to the ICU","volume":"203","author":"Fekkar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13219","article-title":"Prevalence of opportunistic invasive aspergillosis in COVID-19 patients with severe pneumonia","volume":"64","author":"Carrillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13185","article-title":"Putative invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill patients with COVID-19: An observational study from New York City","volume":"63","author":"Mitaka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"1","article-title":"Rates of bacterial co-infections and antimicrobial use in COVID-19 patients: A retrospective cohort study in light of antibiotic stewardship","volume":"2","author":"Rothe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"15","article-title":"Recovery of a triazole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus in respiratory specimen of COVID-19 patient in ICU\u2013A case report","volume":"31","author":"Saade","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Mycol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"S1130","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 and Aspergillus section Fumigati coinfection in an immunocompetent patient treated with corticosteroids","volume":"28","author":"Sasoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Iberoam. Micol."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"3","article-title":"Subacute Aspergillosis \u201cFungal Balls\u201d Complicating COVID-19","volume":"8","author":"Patti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Investig. Med. High Impact. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2020.07.001","article-title":"Ventilator-associated pneumonia involving Aspergillus flavus in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from Argentina","volume":"31","author":"Fernandez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Mycol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13501","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.13501","article-title":"Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis associated with COVID-19 in a kidney transplant recipient","volume":"23","author":"Trujillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13213","article-title":"Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in the COVID-19 era: An expected new entity","volume":"64","author":"Machado","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.05.013","article-title":"Co-infections among patients with COVID-19: The need for combination therapy with non-anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents?","volume":"53","author":"Lai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamed, A., Rogers, T.R., and Talento, A.F. (2020). COVID-19 associated invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. J. Fungi, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6030115"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02136-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02136-20","article-title":"COVID-19-associated invasive aspergillosis: Data from the UK national mycology reference laboratory","volume":"59","author":"Borman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"278","article-title":"Frequency of Positive Aspergillus Tests in COVID-19 Patients in Comparison to Other Patients with Pulmonary Infections Admitted to the ICU","volume":"2","author":"Yusuf","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"e5","article-title":"Mucormycosis with orbital compartment syndrome in a patient with COVID-19","volume":"42","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med. Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"10","article-title":"Rhino-Orbital Mucormycosis Associated with COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Mehta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.5946\/ce.2020.180","article-title":"Rare and fatal gastrointestinal mucormycosis (Zygomycosis) in a COVID-19 patient: A case report","volume":"53","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garg, D., Muthu, V., Sehgal, I.S., Ramachandran, R., Kaur, H., Bhalla, A., Puri, G.D., Chakrabarti, A., and Agarwal, R. (2021). Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) Associated Mucormycosis (CAM): Case Report and Systematic Review of Literature. Mycopathologia, 1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-021-00528-2"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2020.09.026","article-title":"Bronchopleural fistula development in the setting of novel therapies for acute respiratory distress syndrome in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia","volume":"15","author":"Placik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waizel-Haiat, S., Guerrero-Paz, J.A., Sanchez-Hurtado, L., Calleja-Alarcon, S., and Romero-Gutierrez, L. (2021). A Case of Fatal Rhino-Orbital Mucormycosis Associated with New Onset Diabetic Ketoacidosis and COVID-19. Cureus, 13.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.13163"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pasero, D., Sanna, S., Liperi, C., Piredda, D., Branca, G.P., Casadio, L., Simeo, R., Buselli, A., Rizzo, R., and Bussu, F. (2020). A challenging complication following SARS-CoV-2 infection: A case of pulmonary mucormycosis. Infection, 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-020-01561-x"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zurl, C., Hoenigl, M., Schulz, E., Hatzl, S., Gorkiewicz, G., Krause, R., Eller, P., and Prattes, J. (2021). Autopsy proven pulmonary mucormycosis due to Rhizopus microsporus in a critically Ill COVID-19 patient with underlying hematological malignancy. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7020088"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_3774_20","article-title":"Mucor in a Viral Land: A Tale of Two Pathogens","volume":"69","author":"Mrittika","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Opththalmol."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"4","article-title":"An Acute Pulmonary Coccidioidomycosis Coinfection in a Patient Presenting with Multifocal Pneumonia with COVID-19","volume":"8","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Investig. Med. High Impact Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, A.S., Heidari, A., Civelli, V.F., Sharma, R., Clark, C.S., Munoz, A.D., Ragland, A.S., and Johnson, R.H. (2020). The Coincidence of 2 Epidemics, Coccidioidomycosis and SARS-CoV-2: A Case Report. J. Investig. Med. High Impact Case Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1177\/2324709620930540"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basso, R.P., Poester, V.R., Benelli, J.L., Stevens, D.A., Zogbi, H.E., da Vasconcellos, I.C.S., Pasqualotto, A.C., and Xavier, M.O. (2020). COVID-19-Associated Histoplasmosis in an AIDS Patient. Mycopathologia, 1.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-89240\/v1"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462420957518","article-title":"COVID-19 Associated with AIDS-Related Disseminated Histoplasmosis: A Case Report","volume":"31","author":"Bertolini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Messina, F.A., Marin, E., Caceres, D.H., Romero, M., Depardo, R., Priarone, M.M., Rey, L., V\u00e1zquez, M., Verweij, P.E., and Chiller, T.M. (2020). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) in a Patient with Disseminated Histoplasmosis and HIV\u2014A Case Report from Argentina and Literature Review. J. Fungi, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6040275"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_297_21","article-title":"COVID-19 and Eye: A Review of Ophthalmic Manifestations of COVID-19","volume":"69","author":"Mrittika","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Opththalmol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rx.2020.11.003","article-title":"When pneumonia is not COVID-19 Cuando la neumon\u00eda no es COVID-19]","volume":"63","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiolog\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0702.010234","article-title":"Molecular approaches to diagnosing and managing infectious diseases: Practicality and costs","volume":"7","author":"Pfaller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"1","article-title":"Invasive Fungal Disease Complicating Coronavirus Disease 2019: When It Rains, it pours","volume":"ciaa1342","author":"Hoenigl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arastehfar, A., Carvalho, A., van de Veerdonk, F.L., Jenks, J.D., Koehler, P., Krause, R., Cornely, O.A., Perl\u00edn, D.S., Lass-Fl\u00f6rl, C., and Hoenigl, M. (2020). COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA)\u2014From immunology to treatment. J. Fungi, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6020091"}],"container-title":["Journal of Fungi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/7\/7\/556\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:29:43Z","timestamp":1760164183000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/7\/7\/556"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]]},"references-count":111,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jof7070556"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof7070556","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-608X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2309-608X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]]}}}