{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T13:34:11Z","timestamp":1780407251987,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014576","name":"Office of the President, University of California","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VFR-19-633952"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VFR-19-633952"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014576","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014576","name":"Office of the President, University of California","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17-454959"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17-454959"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014576","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Honorable Betty Dawson and Mr. Robert Haden Research Fund","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal, respiratory disease caused by Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii. The host immune responses that define disease outcome during infection are largely unknown, although T helper responses are required. Adaptive immunity is influenced by innate immunity as antigen-presenting cells activate and educate adaptive responses. Macrophage and dendritic cell (DC) recognition of pathogen surface molecules are critical for Coccidioides clearance. We characterize the broad innate immune responses to Coccidioides by analyzing macrophage and dendritic cell responses to Coccidioides arthroconidia using avirulent, vaccine Coccidioides strain NR-166 (\u0394cts2\/\u0394ard1\/\u0394cts3), developed from parental virulent strain C735. We developed a novel flow cytometry-based method to analyze macrophage phagocytosis to complement traditional image-scoring methods. Our study found that macrophage polarization is blocked at M0 phase and activation reduced, while DCs polarize into proinflammatory DC1s, but not anti-inflammatory DC2, following interaction with Coccidioides. However, DCs exhibit a contact-dependent reduced activation to Coccidioides as defined by co-expression of MHC-II and CD86. In vivo, only modest DC1\/DC2 recruitment and activation was observed with avirulent Coccidioides infection. In conclusion, the vaccine Coccidioides strain recruited a mixed DC population in vivo, while in vitro data suggest active innate immune cell inhibition by Coccidioides.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7080630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T08:16:39Z","timestamp":1627978599000},"page":"630","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Macrophage and Dendritic Cell Activation and Polarization in Response to Coccidioidesposadasii Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Anh L.","family":"Diep","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Quantitative Systems Biology Graduate Programme, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Tejeda-Garibay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quantitative Systems Biology Graduate Programme, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quantitative Systems Biology Graduate Programme, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrina K.","family":"Hoyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quantitative Systems Biology Graduate Programme, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA"},{"name":"Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02230-06","article-title":"Epidemiologic, clinical, and diagnostic aspects of coccidioidomycosis","volume":"45","author":"Saubolle","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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