{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:56:20Z","timestamp":1790729780528,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]],"date-time":"2021-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China","award":["2018J07002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018J07002"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31972214, 31772105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31972214, 31772105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) is a ubiquitous and opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes invasive and non-invasive aspergillosis in humans and animals. This fungus is also capable of infecting a large number of agriculture crops (e.g., peanuts, maze, cotton seeds, rice, etc.), causing economic losses and posing serious food-safety concerns when these crops are contaminated with aflatoxins, the most potent naturally occurring carcinogens. In particular, A. flavus and aflatoxins are intensely studied, and they continue to receive considerable attention due to their detrimental effects on humans, animals, and crops. Although several studies have been published focusing on the biosynthesis of the aforementioned secondary metabolites, some of the molecular mechanisms (e.g., posttranslational modifications, transcription factors, transcriptome, proteomics, metabolomics and transcriptome, etc.) involved in the fungal development and aflatoxin biosynthesis in A. flavus are still not fully understood. In this study, a review of the recently published studies on the function of the genes and the molecular mechanisms involved in development of A. flavus and the production of its secondary metabolites is presented. It is hoped that the information provided in this review will help readers to develop effective strategies to reduce A. flavus infection and aflatoxin production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7080666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]],"date-time":"2021-08-17T21:27:40Z","timestamp":1629235660000},"page":"666","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Updates on the Functions and Molecular Mechanisms of the Genes Involved in Aspergillus flavus Development and Biosynthesis of Aflatoxins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8162-8398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Tumukunde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, and School of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, and School of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shihua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, and School of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1364-3703.2007.00436.x","article-title":"Aspergillus flavus: The major producer of aflatoxin","volume":"8","author":"Klich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Plant. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3920\/WMJ2019.2503","article-title":"Current research and prevention of aflatoxins in China","volume":"13","author":"Tumukunde","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Mycotoxin J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, S., Wang, S., Wu, W., Yang, K., Zhang, Y., Tumukunde, E., Wang, S., and Wang, Y. (2019). Functional Analysis of Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans Isomerase from Aspergillus flavus. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20092206"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/15569540802462040","article-title":"Discovery of aflatoxins and significant historical features","volume":"27","author":"Richard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxin Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420008517.sec1","article-title":"An overview of the genus Aspergillus","volume":"2","author":"Baker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aspergilli: Genom. Med. Asp. Biotechnol. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"861","article-title":"Biochemistry and metabolism of mycotoxins: A review","volume":"5","author":"Mendes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr. J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moore, G.G., Elliott, J.L., Singh, R., Horn, B.W., Dorner, J.W., Stone, E.A., Chulze, S.N., Barros, G.G., Naik, M.K., and Wright, G.C. (2013). Sexuality generates diversity in the aflatoxin gene cluster: Evidence on a global scale. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003574"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Shank, R.C. (1981). Ochratoxins. Mycotoxins and N-Nitroso Compounds: Environmental Risks, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1081\/TXR-200027892","article-title":"Progress in elucidating the molecular basis of the host plant\u2014Aspergillus flavus interaction, a basis for devising strategies to reduce aflatoxin contamination in crops","volume":"23","author":"Cleveland","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Toxin Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-002-1199-x","article-title":"Molecular genetic analysis and regulation of aflatoxin biosynthesis","volume":"61","author":"Bhatnagar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-004-1566-x","article-title":"Enzyme reactions and genes in aflatoxin biosynthesis","volume":"64","author":"Yabe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.3.1253-1262.2004","article-title":"Clustered pathway genes in aflatoxin biosynthesis","volume":"70","author":"Yu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tumukunde, E., Li, D., Qin, L., Li, Y., Shen, J., Wang, S., and Yuan, J. (2019). Osmotic-Adaptation Response of sakA\/hogA Gene to Aflatoxin Biosynthesis, Morphology Development and Pathogenicity in Aspergillus flavus. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11010041"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2012.09.005","article-title":"The function and evolution of the Aspergillus genome","volume":"21","author":"Gibbons","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.07.026","article-title":"Complex regulation of the aflatoxin biosynthesis gene cluster of Aspergillus flavus in relation to various combinations of water activity and temperature","volume":"135","author":"Magan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00168-15","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00168-15","article-title":"Genome sequence of Aspergillus flavus NRRL 3357, a strain that causes aflatoxin contamination of food and feed","volume":"3","author":"Nierman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome Announc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1080\/21501203.2011.605180","article-title":"What can the Aspergillus flavus genome offer to mycotoxin research?","volume":"2","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mycology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2008.11.008","article-title":"Potential of Aspergillus flavus genomics for applications in biotechnology","volume":"27","author":"Cleveland","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rudramurthy, S.M., Paul, R.A., Chakrabarti, A., Mouton, J.W., and Meis, J.F. (2019). Invasive aspergillosis by Aspergillus flavus: Epidemiology, diagnosis, antifungal resistance, and management. J. Fungi, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof5030055"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-016-2974-x","article-title":"Sequencing and functional annotation of the whole genome of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus westerdijkiae","volume":"17","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Genom."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00963-20","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00963-20","article-title":"The Frequency of Sex: Population Genomics Reveals Differences in Recombination and Population Structure of the Aflatoxin-Producing Fungus Aspergillus flavus","volume":"11","author":"Drott","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-006-0050-9","article-title":"Understanding the genetics of regulation of aflatoxin production and Aspergillus flavus development","volume":"162","author":"Bhatnagar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-phyto-072910-095221","article-title":"Aspergillus flavus","volume":"49","author":"Amaike","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Phytopathol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins4111024","article-title":"Current understanding on aflatoxin biosynthesis and future perspective in reducing aflatoxin contamination","volume":"4","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caceres, I., Khoury, A.A., Khoury, R.E., Lorber, S., Oswald, I.P., Khoury, A.E., Atoui, A., Puel, O., and Bailly, J.-D. (2020). Aflatoxin Biosynthesis and Genetic Regulation: A Review. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12030150"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1080\/15572536.2007.11832583","article-title":"The effect of elevated temperature on gene transcription and aflatoxin biosynthesis","volume":"99","author":"OBrian","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mycologia"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2792","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.15011","article-title":"Antioxidant-related catalase CTA1 regulates development, aflatoxin biosynthesis, and virulence in pathogenic fungus Aspergillus flavus","volume":"22","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12415","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA119.007505","article-title":"Molecular and structural basis of nucleoside diphosphate kinase\u2013mediated regulation of spore and sclerotia development in the fungus Aspergillus flavus","volume":"294","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, J., Li, D., Qin, L., Shen, J., Guo, X., Tumukunde, E., Li, M., and Wang, S. (2019). HexA is required for growth, aflatoxin biosynthesis and virulence in Aspergillus flavus. BMC Mol. Biol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12867-019-0121-3"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00294-018-0851-7","article-title":"Contribution of peroxisomal protein importer AflPex5 to development and pathogenesis in the fungus Aspergillus flavus","volume":"64","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Genet."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100013","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.RA120.002144","article-title":"Proteogenomic characterization of the pathogenic fungus Aspergillus flavus reveals novel genes involved in aflatoxin production","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-2725(97)00085-X","article-title":"Transcription factors: An overview","volume":"29","author":"Latchman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Estrada, C., Dom\u00ednguez-Santos, R., Kosalkov\u00e1, K., and Mart\u00edn, J.-F. (2018). Transcription factors controlling primary and secondary metabolism in filamentous fungi: The \u03b2-Lactam paradigm. Fermentation, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation4020047"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Zha, W., Liang, L., Fasoyin, O.E., Wu, L., and Wang, S. (2020). The bZIP Transcription Factor AflRsmA Regulates Aflatoxin B1 Biosynthesis, Oxidative Stress Response and Sclerotium Formation in Aspergillus flavus. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12040271"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cary, J.W., Harris-Coward, P., Scharfenstein, L., Mack, B.M., Chang, P.-K., Wei, Q., Lebar, M., Carter-Wientjes, C., Majumdar, R., and Mitra, C. (2017). The Aspergillus flavus homeobox gene, hbx1, is required for development and aflatoxin production. Toxins, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9100315"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.118.200870","article-title":"The transcriptional regulator Hbx1 affects the expression of thousands of genes in the aflatoxin-producing fungus Aspergillus flavus","volume":"9","author":"Cary","year":"2019","journal-title":"G3 Genes Genomes Genet."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Y., Yang, G., Zhang, D., Liu, Y., Li, Y., Lin, G., Guo, Z., Wang, S., and Zhuang, Z. (2018). The PHD Transcription Factor Rum1 Regulates Morphogenesis and Aflatoxin Biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus. Toxins, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10070301"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, F., Xu, G., Geng, L., Lu, X., Yang, K., Yuan, J., Nie, X., Zhuang, Z., and Wang, S. (2016). The stress response regulator AflSkn7 influences morphological development, stress response, and pathogenicity in the fungus Aspergillus flavus. Toxins, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8070202"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02277","article-title":"Essential APSES transcription factors for mycotoxin synthesis, fungal development, and pathogenicity in Aspergillus flavus","volume":"8","author":"Yao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00069-12","article-title":"NsdC and NsdD affect Aspergillus flavus morphogenesis and aflatoxin production","volume":"11","author":"Cary","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2484","article-title":"RNA-Seq: A revolutionary tool for transcriptomics","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, S., Fung-Leung, W.-P., Bittner, A., Ngo, K., and Liu, X. (2014). Comparison of RNA-Seq and microarray in transcriptome profiling of activated T cells. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078644"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2009.03.016","article-title":"RNA-Seq\u2014Quantitative measurement of expression through massively parallel RNA-sequencing","volume":"48","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2009","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3187","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins6113187","article-title":"RNA-Seq-based transcriptome analysis of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus in response to water activity","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2011.02345.x","article-title":"Tight control of mycotoxin biosynthesis gene expression in Aspergillus flavus by temperature as revealed by RNA-Seq","volume":"322","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2013.04.007","article-title":"Transcriptomic profiling of Aspergillus flavus in response to 5-azacytidine","volume":"56","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fungal Genet. Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01568","article-title":"Exploration of the regulatory mechanism of secondary metabolism by comparative transcriptomics in Aspergillus flavus","volume":"9","author":"Yao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2015.03.004","article-title":"sRNA profiling in Aspergillus flavus reveals differentially expressed miRNA-like RNAs response to water activity and temperature","volume":"81","author":"Bai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fungal Genet. Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M111.009589","article-title":"Rapid response of the yeast plasma membrane proteome to salt stress","volume":"10","author":"Szopinska","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Medina, M.L. (2004). Proteomic Analysis of Differentially Expressed Secreted Proteins from Aspergillus flavus, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2003.11.014"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erj168","article-title":"A perspective on the use of iTRAQ\u2122 reagent technology for protein complex and profiling studies","volume":"57","author":"Zieske","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2019.00247","article-title":"iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics and transcriptomics provide insights into the importance of expansins during root development in carrot","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funbio.2014.11.005","article-title":"Proteomic profile of Aspergillus flavus in response to water activity","volume":"119","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fungal Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14582","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14582","article-title":"Integrative analyses reveal transcriptome-proteome correlation in biological pathways and secondary metabolism clusters in A. flavus in response to temperature","volume":"5","author":"Bai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, S., and Zeng, B. (2020). Advances in Understanding the Acyl-CoA-Binding Protein in Plants, Mammals, Yeast, and Filamentous Fungi. J. Fungi, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6010034"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jun, S.-C., Kim, J.-H., and Han, K.-H. (2020). The Conserved MAP Kinase MpkB Regulates Development and Sporulation without Affecting Aflatoxin Biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus. J. Fungi, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6040289"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Han, Z. (2016). Aspergillus and Fusarium Toxins: Analysis, Metabolic Profiling, In Vivo Kinetics and Metabolism, and Risk Assessment. [Ph.D. Thesis, Ghent University]."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2010.08.014","article-title":"Identification and characterization of genes responsible for biosynthesis of kojic acid, an industrially important compound from Aspergillus oryzae","volume":"47","author":"Terabayashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fungal Genet. Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-014-4294-7","article-title":"The potential hazards of Aspergillus sp. in foods and feeds, and the role of biological treatment: A review","volume":"52","author":"Ahmad","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.14252\/foodsafetyfscj.2017024","article-title":"Aspergillus flavus secondary metabolites: More than just aflatoxins","volume":"6","author":"Cary","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Safety"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo2010039","article-title":"Comparative chemistry of Aspergillus oryzae (RIB40) and A. flavus (NRRL 3357)","volume":"2","author":"Rank","year":"2012","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-006-0581-5","article-title":"Production of cyclopiazonic acid, aflatrem, and aflatoxin by Aspergillus flavus is regulated by veA, a gene necessary for sclerotial formation","volume":"73","author":"Duran","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.2144\/000113133","article-title":"What is metabolomics all about?","volume":"46","author":"Roessner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biotechniques"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, F., Geng, Q., Wang, X., Gao, X., He, X., Zhao, W., Lan, H., Tian, J., Yang, K., and Wang, S. (2020). Gas Chromatography\u2013Mass Spectrometry Profiling of Volatile Compounds Reveals Metabolic Changes in a Non-Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus Induced by 5-Azacytidine. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12010057"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2010.03.010","article-title":"Development and refinement of a high-efficiency gene-targeting system for Aspergillus flavus","volume":"81","author":"Chang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02446-18","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02446-18","article-title":"The Aspergillus flavus rtfA gene regulates plant and animal pathogenesis and secondary metabolism","volume":"85","author":"Lohmar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6772","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b02199","article-title":"Aspergillus flavus SUMO contributes to fungal virulence and toxin attributes","volume":"64","author":"Nie","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01324","article-title":"The Aspergillus flavus histone acetyltransferase AflGcnE regulates morphogenesis, aflatoxin biosynthesis, and pathogenicity","volume":"7","author":"Lan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.RA117.000393","article-title":"Lysine succinylation contributes to aflatoxin production and pathogenicity in Aspergillus flavus","volume":"17","author":"Ren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, D.W., Freitag, M., Selker, E.U., and Aramayo, R. (2008). A cytosine methyltransferase homologue is essential for sexual development in Aspergillus nidulans. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002531"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10939.x","article-title":"DNA from Aspergillus flavus contains 5-methylcytosine","volume":"205","author":"Gowher","year":"2001","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2017.01.013","article-title":"Histone Methyltransferase aflrmtA gene is involved in the morphogenesis, mycotoxin biosynthesis, and pathogenicity of Aspergillus flavus","volume":"127","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"1","article-title":"The DmtA methyltransferase contributes to Aspergillus flavus conidiation, sclerotial production, aflatoxin biosynthesis and virulence","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00234","article-title":"The Methyltransferase AflSet1 Is Involved in Fungal Morphogenesis, AFB1 Biosynthesis, and Virulence of Aspergillus flavus","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, L., Liu, Y., Yang, K., Lin, G., Xu, Z., Lan, H., Wang, X., and Wang, S. (2017). The putative histone methyltransferase DOT1 regulates aflatoxin and pathogenicity attributes in Aspergillus flavus. Toxins, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9070232"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4792","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.14825","article-title":"Lysine acetylation contributes to development, aflatoxin biosynthesis and pathogenicity in Aspergillus flavus","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, Y. (2017). Proteome-wide profiling of protein lysine acetylation in Aspergillus flavus. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178603"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2010.10.001","article-title":"Comprehensive lysine acetylomes emerging from bacteria to humans","volume":"36","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3012","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201000812","article-title":"Protein acetylation in prokaryotes","volume":"11","author":"Jones","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1094\/MPMI-01-19-0033-R","article-title":"The HosA histone deacetylase regulates aflatoxin biosynthesis through direct regulation of aflatoxin cluster genes","volume":"32","author":"Lan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Plant. Microbe Interact."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funbio.2017.06.004","article-title":"FPD: A comprehensive phosphorylation database in fungi","volume":"121","author":"Bai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fungal Biol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34078","DOI":"10.1038\/srep34078","article-title":"Global phosphoproteomic analysis reveals the involvement of phosphorylation in aflatoxins biosynthesis in the pathogenic fungus Aspergillus flavus","volume":"6","author":"Ren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00141","article-title":"The Aspergillus flavus Phosphatase CDC14 Regulates Development, Aflatoxin Biosynthesis and Pathogenicity","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2017.02.004","article-title":"The high-affinity phosphodiesterase PdeH regulates development and aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus","volume":"101","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fungal Genet. Biol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5232","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.15202","article-title":"MAPK pathway-related tyrosine phosphatases regulate development, secondary metabolism and pathogenicity in fungus Aspergillus flavus","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12421","article-title":"Interplay of the fungal sumoylation network for control of multicellular development","volume":"90","author":"Harting","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7607","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01743-08","article-title":"Identification and characterization of the asperthecin gene cluster of Aspergillus nidulans","volume":"74","author":"Szewczyk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00128","article-title":"Exploration of Aspergillus fumigatus Ras pathways for novel antifungal drug targets","volume":"6","author":"Abdallah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/654251","article-title":"Protein glycosylation in Aspergillus fumigatus is essential for cell wall synthesis and serves as a promising model of multicellular eukaryotic development","volume":"12","author":"Jin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aambs.2018.05.004","article-title":"Epigenetic and posttranslational modifications in regulating the biology of Aspergillus species","volume":"105","author":"Nie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00264-06","article-title":"Melanin biosynthesis in the maize pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus depends on two mitogen-activated protein kinases, Chk1 and Mps1, and the transcription factor Cmr1","volume":"6","author":"Eliahu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, D., Qin, L., Wang, Y., Xie, Q., Li, N., Wang, S., and Yuan, J. (2019). AflSte20 Regulates Morphogenesis, Stress Response, and Aflatoxin Biosynthesis of Aspergillus flavus. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11120730"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00162","article-title":"PbsB regulates morphogenesis, Aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis and pathogenicity of Aspergillus flavus","volume":"8","author":"Yuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.13701","article-title":"The membrane mucin Msb2 regulates aflatoxin biosynthesis and pathogenicity in fungus Aspergillus flavus","volume":"14","author":"Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108576","article-title":"The MAP kinase AflSlt2 modulates aflatoxin biosynthesis and peanut infection in the fungus Aspergillus flavus","volume":"322","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1094\/MPMI-11-19-0327-R","article-title":"A Cell Wall Integrity\u2013Related MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase AflBck1 Is Required for Growth and Virulence in Fungus Aspergillus flavus","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Plant. Microbe Interact."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3569","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.02470","article-title":"MAP kinase pathways","volume":"118","author":"Qi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2016.00190","article-title":"Adenylate cyclase AcyA regulates development, aflatoxin biosynthesis and fungal virulence in Aspergillus flavus","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Yang, K., Qin, Q., Lin, G., Hu, T., Xu, Z., and Wang, S. (2018). G protein \u03b1 subunit GpaB is required for asexual development, aflatoxin biosynthesis and pathogenicity by regulating cAMP signaling in Aspergillus flavus. Toxins, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10030117"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4200","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b07115","article-title":"Cyclase-associated protein cap with multiple domains contributes to mycotoxin biosynthesis and fungal virulence in Aspergillus flavus","volume":"67","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."}],"container-title":["Journal of Fungi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/7\/8\/666\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:45:37Z","timestamp":1760165137000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/7\/8\/666"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["jof7080666"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof7080666","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-608X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2309-608X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]]}}}