{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T22:56:15Z","timestamp":1788216975740,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":196,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]],"date-time":"2021-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Patients with severe COVID-19, such as individuals in intensive care units (ICU), are exceptionally susceptible to bacterial and fungal infections. The most prevalent fungal infections are aspergillosis and candidemia. Nonetheless, other fungal species (for instance, Histoplasma spp., Rhizopus spp., Mucor spp., Cryptococcus spp.) have recently been increasingly linked to opportunistic fungal diseases in COVID-19 patients. These fungal co-infections are described with rising incidence, severe illness, and death that is associated with host immune response. Awareness of the high risks of the occurrence of fungal co-infections is crucial to downgrade any arrear in diagnosis and treatment to support the prevention of severe illness and death directly related to these infections. This review analyses the fungal infections, treatments, outcome, and immune response, considering the possible role of the microbiome in these patients. The search was performed in Medline (PubMed), using the words \u201cfungal infections COVID-19\u201d, between 2020\u20132021.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7090720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]],"date-time":"2021-09-02T21:13:36Z","timestamp":1630617216000},"page":"720","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Overview on the Prevalence of Fungal Infections, Immune Response, and Microbiome Role in COVID-19 Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0113-8357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Roudbary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7632-7251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunil","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biosciences, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki 225003, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8735-479X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Awanish","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur 492010, Chhattisgarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5300-3254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"\u010cern\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovi\u010dova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Nikoomanesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand 9717853577, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8633-2230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9lia F.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6670798","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6670798","article-title":"The Role of Bacterial and Fungal Human Respiratory Microbiota in COVID-19 Patients","volume":"2021","author":"Soltani","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioMed Res. 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