{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T22:01:52Z","timestamp":1780696912947,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]],"date-time":"2021-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006087","name":"Direcci\u00f3n General de Asuntos del Personal Acad\u00e9mico, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IN218719"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN218719"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006087","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Histoplasmosis and pneumocystosis co-infections have been reported mainly in immunocompromised humans and in wild animals. The immunological response to each fungal infection has been described primarily using animal models; however, the host response to concomitant infection is unknown. The present work aimed to evaluate the pulmonary immunological response of patients with pneumonia caused either by Histoplasma capsulatum, Pneumocystis jirovecii, or their co-infection. We analyzed the pulmonary collectin and cytokine patterns of 131 bronchoalveolar lavage samples, which included HIV and non-HIV patients infected with H. capsulatum, P. jirovecii, or both fungi, as well as healthy volunteers and HIV patients without the studied fungal infections. Our results showed an increased production of the surfactant protein-A (SP-A) in non-HIV patients with H. capsulatum infection, contrasting with HIV patients (p &lt; 0.05). Significant differences in median values of SP-A, IL-1\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1, IFN-\u03b3, IL-18, IL-17A, IL-33, IL-13, and CXCL8 were found among all the groups studied, suggesting that these cytokines play a role in the local inflammatory processes of histoplasmosis and pneumocystosis. Interestingly, non-HIV patients with co-infection and pneumocystosis alone showed lower levels of SP-A, IL-1\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1, IFN-\u03b3, IL-18, IL-17A, and IL-23 than histoplasmosis patients, suggesting an immunomodulatory ability of P. jirovecii over H. capsulatum response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7110938","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]],"date-time":"2021-11-04T09:11:32Z","timestamp":1636017092000},"page":"938","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Detection of Cytokines and Collectins in Bronchoalveolar Fluid Samples of Patients Infected with Histoplasma capsulatum and Pneumocystis jirovecii"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0356-4138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura E.","family":"Carreto-Binaghi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda de Hongos, Unidad de Micolog\u00eda, Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda-Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunobiolog\u00eda de la Tuberculosis, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas (INER), Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4725-2286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eda P.","family":"Tenorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando R.","family":"Morales-Villarreal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica, INER, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"El Moukhtar","family":"Aliouat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgar","family":"Zenteno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9-Arturo","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Orozco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica, INER, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria-Lucia","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda de Hongos, Unidad de Micolog\u00eda, Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda-Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Gonz\u00e1lez, A.E., Aliouat-Denis, C.M., Ram\u00edrez-B\u00e1rcenas, J.A., Demanche, C., Pottier, M., Carreto-Binaghi, L.E., Akbar, H., Derouiche, S., Chab\u00e9, M., and Aliouat, E.M. 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