{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T05:42:07Z","timestamp":1780465327241,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We studied the risk factors, etiology, clinical features and the effectiveness of therapy of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) in adult patients. In this retrospective study, we included 45 patients with proven (7%) and probable (93%) CAPA. The ECMM\/ISHAM, 2020 criteria were used to diagnose CAPA. A case-control study was conducted to study the risk factors of CAPA; the control group included 90 adult COVID-19 patients without IA. In CAPA patients, the main underlying diseases were diabetes mellitus (33%), and hematological and oncological diseases (31%). The probability of CAPA developing significantly increased with lymphocytopenia &gt;10 days (OR = 8.156 (3.056\u201321.771), p = 0.001), decompensated diabetes mellitus (29% vs. 7%, (OR = 5.688 (1.991\u201316.246), p = 0.001)), use of glucocorticosteroids (GCS) in prednisolone-equivalent dose &gt; 60 mg\/day (OR = 4.493 (1.896\u201310.647), p = 0.001) and monoclonal antibodies to IL-1\u00df and IL-6 (OR = 2.880 (1.272\u20136.518), p = 0.01). The main area of localization of CAPA was the lungs (100%). The clinical features of CAPA were fever (98% vs. 85%, p = 0.007), cough (89% vs. 72%, p = 0.002) and hemoptysis (36% vs. 3%, p = 0.0001). Overall, 71% of patients were in intensive care units (ICU) (median\u201415.5 (5\u201360) days), mechanical ventilation was used in 52% of cases, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) occurred at a rate of 31%. The lung CT scan features of CAPA were bilateral (93%) lung tissue consolidation (89% vs. 59%, p = 0.004) and destruction (47% vs. 1%, p = 0.00001), and hydrothorax (26% vs. 11%, p = 0.03). The main pathogens were A. fumigatus (44%) and A. niger (31%). The overall survival rate after 12 weeks was 47.2%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7121059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T08:17:58Z","timestamp":1639124278000},"page":"1059","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Russia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3272-5263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Shadrivova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"North-Western State Medical University Named after I.I. Mechnikov, 191015 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Gusev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botkin\u2019s Hospital, 195067 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0296-0481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Vashukova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botkin\u2019s Hospital, 195067 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dmitriy","family":"Lobzin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Military Medical Academy Named after S. M. Kirov, 194044 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2900-1459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitaliy","family":"Gusarov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pirogov National Medical and Surgical Center, 105203 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikhail","family":"Zamyatin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pirogov National Medical and Surgical Center, 105203 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anatoliy","family":"Zavrazhnov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City Mariinskaya Hospital, 191014 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikhail","family":"Mitichkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City Mariinskaya Hospital, 191014 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulia","family":"Borzova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North-Western State Medical University Named after I.I. Mechnikov, 191015 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Kozlova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North-Western State Medical University Named after I.I. Mechnikov, 191015 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Desyatik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North-Western State Medical University Named after I.I. Mechnikov, 191015 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9307-4927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Burygina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North-Western State Medical University Named after I.I. Mechnikov, 191015 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Ignatyeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North-Western State Medical University Named after I.I. Mechnikov, 191015 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellina","family":"Oganesyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North-Western State Medical University Named after I.I. Mechnikov, 191015 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalya","family":"Vasilyeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North-Western State Medical University Named after I.I. Mechnikov, 191015 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6095-7531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolay","family":"Klimko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North-Western State Medical University Named after I.I. Mechnikov, 191015 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Working Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30274-1","article-title":"Invasive aspergillosis in patients admitted to the intensive care unit with severe influenza: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Schauwvlieghe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. 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