{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T20:22:50Z","timestamp":1781122970343,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,12]],"date-time":"2021-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fungi are reported to cause a range of superficial to invasive human infections. These often result in high morbidity and at times mortality. Conventional antifungal agents though effective invariably exhibit drug interactions, treatment-related toxicity, and fail to elicit significant effect, thus indicating a need to look for suitable alternatives. Fungi thrive in humid, nutrient-enriched areas. Such an environment is well-supported by the oral cavity. Despite this, there is a relatively low incidence of severe oral and periodontal fungal infections, attributed to the presence of antimicrobial peptides hosted by saliva, viz. histatin 5 (Hstn 5). It displays fungicidal activity against a variety of fungi including Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Cryptococcus neoformans, and unicellular yeast-like Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Candida albicans alone accounts for about 70% of all global fungal infections including periodontal disease. This review intends to discuss the scope of Hstn 5 as a novel recourse for the control of fungal infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7121070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T01:29:33Z","timestamp":1639358973000},"page":"1070","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Envisaging Antifungal Potential of Histatin 5: A Physiological Salivary Peptide"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Pratibha","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehak","family":"Chaudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garima","family":"Khanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Praveen","family":"Rishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Indu Pal","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04663","article-title":"Recent advances in topical carriers of anti-fungal agents","volume":"6","author":"Garg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000630","article-title":"Fungal infections of the skin and soft tissue","volume":"33","author":"Gunaydin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.101774","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy treatment of superficial fungal infections: A systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talapko, J., Juzba\u0161i\u0107, M., Matijevi\u0107, T., Pustijanac, E., Beki\u0107, S., Kotris, I., and \u0160krlec, I. (2021). Candida albicans\u2014The Virulence Factors and Clinical Manifestations of Infection. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7020079"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hay, R. (2018). Therapy of Skin, Hair and Nail Fungal Infections. J. Fungi, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof4030099"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"106923","article-title":"Fungal Infections: Their Diagnosis and Treatment in Transplant Recipients","volume":"2012","author":"George","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-3400291","article-title":"Antifungal Therapy: New and Evolving Therapies","volume":"41","author":"Nivoix","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13905","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.13905","article-title":"Emerging role of nanocarriers based topical delivery of anti-fungal agents in combating growing fungal infections","volume":"33","author":"Waghule","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a019703","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a019703","article-title":"Antifungal Drug Development: Challenges, Unmet Clinical Needs, and New Approaches","volume":"4","author":"Roemer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1109\/10.133228","article-title":"An artificial oral environment for testing dental materials","volume":"38","author":"Delong","year":"1991","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2019.06.016","article-title":"Saliva: An all-rounder of our body","volume":"142","author":"Roblegg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vila, T., Rizk, A.M., Sultan, A.S., and Jabra-Rizk, M.A. (2019). The power of saliva: Antimicrobial and beyond. PLoS Pathog., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008058"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2918","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.1221","article-title":"Common oral complications of head and neck cancer radiation therapy: Mucositis, infections, saliva change, fibrosis, sensory dysfunctions, dental caries, periodontal disease, and osteoradionecrosis","volume":"6","author":"Sroussi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1211\/0022357022971","article-title":"Histatins: Antimicrobial peptides with therapeutic potential","volume":"56","author":"Kavanagh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2018.1459571","article-title":"Relationship between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection and chronic periodontitis","volume":"14","author":"Nobre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9236","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00796-06","article-title":"Histatin 5-Derived Peptide with Improved Fungicidal Properties Enhances Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication by Promoting Viral Entry","volume":"80","author":"Groot","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2006.06.005","article-title":"Oral fluid proteolytic effects on histatin 5 structure and function","volume":"51","author":"Helmerhorst","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zambom, C.R., Da Fonseca, F.H., and Garrido, S.S. (2020). Bio- and Nanotechnology as the Key for Clinical Application of Salivary Peptide Histatin: A Necessary Advance. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8071024"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14637","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.141366998","article-title":"The human salivary peptide histatin 5 exerts its antifungal activity through the formation of reactive oxygen species","volume":"98","author":"Helmerhorst","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00105","article-title":"Antifungal Peptides as Therapeutic Agents","volume":"10","author":"Arbulu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Lajoie, G., Vilk, G., and Welch, I. (2011). Methods and Compositions Comprising Cyclic Analogues of Histatin 5 for Treating Wounds. (US20140065119A1), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Babu, U.M., VanDine, R.W., and Sambursky, R.P. (2014). Histatins as Therapeutic Agents for Ocular Surface Disease. (US20170224771A1), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Periathamby, A.R., and Dentino, A.R. (2017). Modified Dental Prosthesis. (App. 11\/861,3662010), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Cheng, D., Oppenheim, F., and Helmerhorst, E. (2009). Antifungal formulation and method of preparation. (WO2009005798A32009), WIPO Patent."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Jernberg, G.R. (2009). Selectively targeted antimicrobials for the treatment of Periodontal Disease. (US20100202983A1), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.59.8.2549-2554.1991","article-title":"Anticandidal activity of major human salivary histatins","volume":"59","author":"Xu","year":"1991","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0282(199801)45:1<51::AID-BIP5>3.0.CO;2-Y","article-title":"Structure of human salivary histatin 5 in aqueous and nonaqueous solutions","volume":"45","author":"Raj","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3898","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)39678-4","article-title":"Salivary histatin 5: Dependence of sequence, chain length, and helical conformation for candidacidal activity","volume":"265","author":"Raj","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4165(00)00096-9","article-title":"Role of \u03b1-helical conformation of histatin-5 in candidacidal activity examined by proline variants","volume":"1475","author":"Situ","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.5.1367-1373.2001","article-title":"Anticandida Activity is Retained in P-113, a 12-Amino-Acid Fragment of Histatin 5","volume":"45","author":"Rothstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5000","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.12.5000-5007.1996","article-title":"Candidacidal activity of recombinant human salivary histatin-5 and variants","volume":"64","author":"Tsai","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mochon, A.B., and Liu, H. (2008). The Antimicrobial Peptide Histatin-5 Causes a Spatially Restricted Disruption on the Candida albicans Surface, Allowing Rapid Entry of the Peptide into the Cytoplasm. PLoS Pathog., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000190"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5643","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M008229200","article-title":"Characterization of Histatin 5 with Respect to Amphipathicity, Hydrophobicity, and Effects on Cell and Mitochondrial Membrane Integrity Excludes a Candidacidal Mechanism of Pore Formation","volume":"276","author":"Helmerhorst","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00095-14","article-title":"How Does it Kill?: Understanding the Candidacidal Mechanism of Salivary Histatin 5","volume":"13","author":"Puri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2010.07210.x","article-title":"Salivary histatin 5 internalization by translocation, but not endocytosis, is required for fungicidal activity in Candida albicans","volume":"77","author":"Jang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.62.1.130-180.1998","article-title":"Cell Wall and Secreted Proteins of Candida albicans: Identification, Function, and Expression","volume":"62","author":"Chaffin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28553","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M300680200","article-title":"Candida albicans Ssa1\/2p Is the Cell Envelope Binding Protein for Human Salivary Histatin 5","volume":"278","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43748","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.311175","article-title":"Histatin 5 Uptake by Candida albicans Utilizes Polyamine Transporters Dur3 and Dur31 Proteins","volume":"286","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18872","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.27.18872","article-title":"Salivary Histatin 5 Induces Non-lytic Release of ATP fromCandida albicans Leading to Cell Death","volume":"274","author":"Koshlukova","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55060","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M411031200","article-title":"The TRK1 Potassium Transporter Is the Critical Effector for Killing of Candida albicans by the Cationic Protein, Histatin 5","volume":"279","author":"Baev","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4777","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.9.4777-4784.2002","article-title":"Human Salivary Histatin 5 Causes Disordered Volume Regulation and Cell Cycle Arrest in Candida albicans","volume":"70","author":"Baev","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6240","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.12.6848-6856.2000","article-title":"Released ATP Is an Extracellular Cytotoxic Mediator in Salivary Histatin 5-Induced Killing of Candida albicans","volume":"68","author":"Koshlukova","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.2.348-354.2000","article-title":"Candida albicans Mutants Deficient in Respiration Are Resistant to the Small Cationic Salivary Antimicrobial Peptide Histatin 5","volume":"44","author":"Gyurko","year":"2000","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7286","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.11.7286","article-title":"The Cellular Target of Histatin 5 on Candida albicans is the Energized Mitochondrion","volume":"274","author":"Helmerhorst","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18831","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M610555200","article-title":"Energy Depletion Protects Candida albicans against Antimicrobial Peptides by Rigidifying Its Cell Membrane","volume":"282","author":"Veerman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.1.110-115.2004","article-title":"Human Salivary Histatin 5 Fungicidal Action Does Not Induce Programmed Cell Death Pathways in Candida albicans","volume":"48","author":"Wunder","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2651","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-014-1573-8","article-title":"Activation of stress signalling pathways enhances tolerance of fungi to chemical fungicides and antifungal proteins","volume":"71","author":"Hayes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00039-07","article-title":"Histatin 5 Initiates Osmotic Stress Response in Candida albicans via Activation of the Hog1 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway","volume":"6","author":"Vylkova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00989-09","article-title":"Candida albicans \u03b2-Glucan Exposure Is Controlled by the Fungal CEK1 -Mediated Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway That Modulates Immune Responses Triggered through Dectin-1","volume":"78","author":"Arana","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22453","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M604064200","article-title":"Candida albicans Cell Wall Ssa Proteins Bind and Facilitate Import of Salivary Histatin 5 Required for Toxicity","volume":"281","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puri, S., Kumar, R., Chadha, S., Tati, S., Conti, H.R., Hube, B., Cullen, P.J., and Edgerton, M. (2012). Secreted Aspartic Protease Cleavage of Candida albicans Msb2 Activates Cek1 MAPK Signaling Affecting Biofilm Formation and Oropharyngeal Candidiasis. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046020"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2016.02.022","article-title":"Oral candidiasis","volume":"34","author":"Millsop","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02624-15","article-title":"Development and In Vivo Evaluation of a Novel Histatin-5 Bioadhesive Hydrogel Formulation against Oral Candidiasis","volume":"60","author":"Kong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1567-1364.2009.00531.x","article-title":"Increased potency of a novel d-\u00ce\u00b2-naphthylalanine-substituted antimicrobial peptide against \u00e2\u20ac\u0192fluconazole-resistant\u00e2\u20ac\u0192fungal pathogens","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2009.01.016","article-title":"Sensitivity of Candida albicans biofilm cells grown on denture acrylic to antifungal proteins and chlorhexidine","volume":"54","author":"Pusateri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3260039","article-title":"Synthetic histatin analogues with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity","volume":"326","author":"Helmerhorst","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108244","article-title":"The association of periodontal disease with the complications of diabetes mellitus. A systematic review","volume":"165","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0757.2001.22250102.x","article-title":"Causation and pathogenesis of periodontal disease","volume":"25","author":"Kinane","year":"2001","journal-title":"Periodontology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/535321","article-title":"Generalized Aggressive Periodontitis and Its Treatment Options: Case Reports and Review of the Literature","volume":"2012","author":"Roshna","year":"2012","journal-title":"Case Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.riam.2018.03.005","article-title":"Oral Candida colonization in patients with chronic periodontitis. Is there any relationship?","volume":"35","author":"Gainza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Iberoam. Micol."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"124","article-title":"Candida species in periodontal disease: A literature review","volume":"4","author":"Nisha","year":"2020","journal-title":"IP Int. J. Periodontol. Implant."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2009.04.018","article-title":"Biofilm formation in clinical Candida isolates and its association with virulence","volume":"11","author":"Hasan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411990100030101","article-title":"The Antimicrobial Treatment of Periodontal Disease: Changing the Treatment Paradigm","volume":"10","author":"Loesche","year":"1999","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2710.1992.tb01220.x","article-title":"Antibiotics in periodontal therapy: Advantages and disadvantages","volume":"17","author":"Slots","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1517\/14728214.7.1.47","article-title":"Histatin-derived peptides: Potential agents to treat localised infections","volume":"7","author":"Rothstein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Emerg. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051x.2001.028005404.x","article-title":"Clinical and microbial evaluation of a histatin-containing mouthrinse in humans with experimental gingivitis","volume":"28","author":"Mickels","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Effects of Antimicrobial Peptide Nal-P-113 on Inhibiting Periodontal Pathogens and Improving Periodontal Status","volume":"2018","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bio. Med. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12994","article-title":"VulvovaginalCandidaalbicansinfections: Pathogenesis, immunity and vaccine prospects","volume":"122","author":"Cassone","year":"2015","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftx072","article-title":"Efficacy of Histatin5 in a murine model of vulvovaginal candidiasis caused by Candida albicans","volume":"75","author":"Liao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"905","article-title":"Vulvovaginal candidiasis: Epidemiology, microbiology and risk factors","volume":"42","author":"Ferreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"757","article-title":"Vulvovaginal candidiasis: Clinical manifestations, risk factors, management algorithm","volume":"92","author":"Eckert","year":"1998","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21468","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.21468","article-title":"Fluconazole Resistance Candida albicans in Females With Recurrent Vaginitis and Pir1 Overexpression","volume":"8","author":"Nasrollahi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Jundishapur J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa033114","article-title":"Maintenance Fluconazole Therapy for Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis","volume":"351","author":"Sobel","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1407","article-title":"The antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin protects the urinary tract against invasive bacterial infection","volume":"12","author":"Chromek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2016.04.027","article-title":"Histatin peptides: Pharmacological functions and their applications in dentistry","volume":"25","author":"Khurshid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmu065","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides in the female reproductive tract: A critical component of the mucosal immune barrier with physiological and clinical implications","volume":"21","author":"Yarbrough","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Updat."}],"container-title":["Journal of Fungi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/7\/12\/1070\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:46:10Z","timestamp":1760168770000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/7\/12\/1070"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,12]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jof7121070"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof7121070","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-608X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2309-608X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,12]]}}}