{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T07:03:23Z","timestamp":1792134203983,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We describe the successful treatment of a series of 30 zoonotic sporotrichosis cases from southern Brazil. Sporothrix brasiliensis was the species genotypically identified in all 25 confirmed cases. Five other cases were classified as probable, without laboratory confirmation, but with clinical and epidemiological data of cat-transmitted sporotrichosis. Two isolates were sequenced by translation elongation factor-1 alpha (EF1\u03b1) loci in order to compare their sequences, and both of them showed distinct genotypes from S. brasiliensis strains from other Brazilian states. Itraconazole (ITZ) or potassium iodide (KI) were the first choice treatment in 28 and 2 cases, respectively. Microdilution assay showed a wild-type profile of S. brasiliensis isolates to ITZ. However, a lack of clinical response occurred in 42% of cases, especially those treated with ITZ 100 mg\/day, and treatment needed modifications, by either increased doses or antifungal combinations. Clinical cure required a mean of 187 days of treatment, which was dependent on the clinical form of the disease and age of patients. Therapy, including dosages and durations, for cutaneous forms of sporotrichosis requires re-evaluation, since cases caused by S. brasiliensis may influence treatment efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8010070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T17:42:25Z","timestamp":1641836545000},"page":"70","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Treatment of Human Sporotrichosis Caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7121-3861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanice Rodrigues","family":"Poester","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande 96200-190, RS, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Bioqu\u00edmica Toxicol\u00f3gica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Micologia, FAMED, FURG, Rio Grande 96200-190, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rossana Patricia","family":"Basso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande 96200-190, RS, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Micologia, FAMED, FURG, Rio Grande 96200-190, RS, Brazil"},{"name":"Hospital Universit\u00e1rio-UH-FURG\/Empresa Brasileira de Servi\u00e7os Hospitalares\u2014Ebserh, Rio Grande 96200-190, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, CA 95128, USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3538-5006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00edvia Silveira","family":"Munhoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande 96200-190, RS, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Micologia, FAMED, FURG, Rio Grande 96200-190, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9318-6240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa Brito","family":"de Souza Rabello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6639-6058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Almeida-Paes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosely Maria","family":"Zancop\u00e9-Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariza","family":"Zanchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universit\u00e1rio-UH-FURG\/Empresa Brasileira de Servi\u00e7os Hospitalares\u2014Ebserh, Rio Grande 96200-190, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9ssica Louise","family":"Benelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Micologia, FAMED, FURG, Rio Grande 96200-190, RS, Brazil"},{"name":"Hospital Universit\u00e1rio-UH-FURG\/Empresa Brasileira de Servi\u00e7os Hospitalares\u2014Ebserh, Rio Grande 96200-190, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3883-0080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa Orzechowski","family":"Xavier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande 96200-190, RS, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Micologia, FAMED, FURG, Rio Grande 96200-190, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2603.190803","article-title":"Geographic Expansion of Sporotrichosis, Brazil","volume":"26","author":"Oliveira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e200","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir245","article-title":"Treatment of Cutaneous Sporotrichosis with Itraconazole\u2014Study of 645 Patients","volume":"52","author":"Barros","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myy082","article-title":"Human Sporotrichosis: A Zoonotic Outbreak in Southern Brazil, 2012\u20132017","volume":"57","author":"Brandolt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1086\/522765","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Sporotrichosis: 2007 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"45","author":"Kauffman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Della Terra, P.P., Rodrigues, A.M., Fernandes, G.F., Nishikaku, A.S., Burger, E., and de Camargo, Z.P. (2017). Exploring Virulence and Immunogenicity in the Emerging Pathogen Sporothrix brasiliensis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005903"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"141","article-title":"Zoonotic Sporotrichosis with Greater Severity in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: 118 Hospitalizations and 11 Deaths in the Last 2 Decades in a Reference Institution","volume":"58","author":"Pires","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"507","article-title":"Refractory Sporotrichosis Due to Sporothrix brasiliensis in Humans Appears to Be Unrelated to in Vivo Resistance","volume":"55","author":"Oliveira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.2007.00452.x","article-title":"Sporotrichosis in Childhood: Clinical and Therapeutic Experience in 25 Patients","volume":"24","author":"Bonifaz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0667","article-title":"Epidemiological and Clinical Aspects of Sporotrichosis in Esp\u00edrito Santo State, Southeast Brazil: A Study of Three Decades (1982\u20132012)","volume":"100","author":"Caus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"377","article-title":"Esporotricosis En Algunas Comunidades Rurales de La Sierra Norte de Puebla. Informe de 55 Casos (Septiembre 1995\u2013Diciembre 2005)","volume":"142","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gac. Med. Mex."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652011000200006","article-title":"Cutaneous Sporotrichosis Treatment with Potassium Iodide. A 24 Year Experience in S\u00e3o Paulo State, Brazil","volume":"53","author":"Yamada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.15299","article-title":"The Clinico-Epidemiological Characteristics and Therapeutic Experience of 152 Patients with Cutaneous Sporotrichosis: A 10-Year Retrospective Study from India","volume":"60","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.5694\/mja11.10755","article-title":"Sporotrichosis (Sporothrix Schenckii Infection) in the New South Wales Mid-North Coast, 2000\u20132010","volume":"196","author":"Sivagnanam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2010.04724.x","article-title":"Infant Sporotrichosis in Northeast China: A Report of 15 Cases","volume":"50","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12158","article-title":"A Survey of 165 Sporotrichosis Cases Examined in Nagasaki Prefecture from 1951 to 2012","volume":"57","author":"Takenaka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2011.05229.x","article-title":"Cutaneous Sporotrichosis: A Six-Year Review of 19 Cases in a Tertiary Referral Center in Malaysia","volume":"51","author":"Tang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(93)90280-3","article-title":"Treatment of Sporotrichosis with Itraconazole","volume":"95","author":"Kauffman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, A.M., Teixeira, M.d.M., de Hoog, G.S., Schubach, T.M.P., Pereira, S.A., Fernandes, G.F., Bezerra, L.M.L., Felipe, M.S., and de Camargo, Z.P. (2013). Phylogenetic Analysis Reveals a High Prevalence of Sporothrix brasiliensis in Feline Sporotrichosis Outbreaks. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002281"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, A.M., Hoog, G.S., and Camargo, Z.P. (2015). Molecular Diagnosis of Pathogenic Sporothrix Species. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004190"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Alexander, B., Procop, G., Dufresne, P., Espinel-Ingroff, A., Fuller, J., Ghannoum, M., Hanson, K., Holliday, D., Kovanda, L., and Ostrosky-Zeichner, L. (2018). Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Filamentous Fungi, M38ED3, Clinical And Laboratory Standards Institute. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01057-17","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01057-17","article-title":"Multicenter, International Study of MIC\/MEC Distributions for Definition of Epidemiological Cutoff Values for Sporothrix Species Identified by Molecular Methods","volume":"61","author":"Abreu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e364","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00191-2","article-title":"Global Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of the Endemic Mycoses: An Initiative of the European Confederation of Medical Mycology in Cooperation with the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology","volume":"21","author":"Thompson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myaa054","article-title":"Potential Use of Nikkomycin Z as an Anti- Sporothrix Spp. Drug","volume":"59","author":"Poester","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-021-00506-2","article-title":"Diphenyl diselenide alone and in combination with itraconazole against Sporothrix schenckii s.s. and Sporothrix globosa","volume":"52","author":"Poester","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2905","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-021-02581-y","article-title":"Synergism of nikkomycin Z in combination with diphenyl diselenide against Sporothrix spp.","volume":"78","author":"Poester","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Fungi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/8\/1\/70\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:27:16Z","timestamp":1760362036000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/8\/1\/70"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["jof8010070"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof8010070","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-608X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2309-608X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]]}}}