{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T16:14:49Z","timestamp":1781540089211,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,20]],"date-time":"2022-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia","award":["FP017-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FP017-2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tinea imbricata is a unique fungal skin disease that mostly affects indigenous populations in Southeast Asia, Oceania, and Central and South America. The control and management of this disease among these communities are challenging given their remote locations, certain traditional practices, and severe malnutrition status. To date, there are only a handful of reports published globally, which highlights the need for a more holistic approach in addressing this skin disease. Several bodies of evidence and reports have shown that host genetic factors have a profound influence on the pathogenesis of tinea imbricata, while skin microbiota is touted to have a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. However, there are limited studies of how host genetics and skin microbiota impact disease susceptibility in the host. To improve the understanding of this disease and to find possible long-term effective treatment among the affected indigenous communities, a comprehensive literature review is needed. Hence, this review paper aims to present the current status of tinea imbricata among the indigenous communities, together with published findings on the possible underlying reasons for its specific distribution among these communities, particularly on the ways in which host skin microbiota and host genetics affect occurrence and disease patterns. This information provides valuable insights for future research by highlighting the current knowledge gaps in these areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8020202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T08:22:19Z","timestamp":1645431739000},"page":"202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Tinea Imbricata among the Indigenous Communities: Current Global Epidemiology and Research Gaps Associated with Host Genetics and Skin Microbiota"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3316-4920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi Xian","family":"Er","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soo Ching","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6956-4638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leslie Thian-Lung","family":"Than","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia"},{"name":"Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azdayanti","family":"Muslim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (Sungai Buloh Campus), Sungai Buloh 47000, Malaysia"},{"name":"Institute for Medical Molecular Biotechnology (IMMB), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (Sungai Buloh Campus), Sungai Buloh 47000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kin Fon","family":"Leong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Institute, Kuala Lumpur General Hospital, Kuala Lumpur 50586, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenli","family":"Kwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izandis","family":"Mohd Sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Orang Asli (Aborigines) Gombak, Jalan Pahang Lama, Gombak 53100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne Ai-Lian","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"},{"name":"Centre for Malaysian Indigenous Studies, Universiti Malaya, Jalan 16\/4, Seksyen 16, Petaling Jaya 46350, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17107-9","article-title":"Superficial fungal infections","volume":"364","author":"Schwartz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-3730-3_3","article-title":"Tinea imbricata","volume":"2","author":"Hay","year":"1988","journal-title":"Curr. 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