{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T13:30:36Z","timestamp":1791811836264,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Deputyship for Research &amp; Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia","award":["IFP-KKU-2020\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IFP-KKU-2020\/2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wheat leaf rust is one of the world\u2019s most widespread rusts. The progress of the disease was monitored using two treatments: chitosan nanoparticles and salicylic acid (SA), as well as three application methods; spraying before or after the inoculation by 24 h, and spraying both before and after the inoculation by 24 h. Urediniospore germination was significantly different between the two treatments. Wheat plants tested for latent and incubation periods, pustule size and receptivity and infection type showed significantly reduced leaf rust when compared to untreated plants. Pucciniatriticina urediniospores showed abnormalities, collapse, lysis, and shrinkage as a result of chitosan nanoparticles treatment. The enzymes, peroxidase and catalase, were increased in the activities. In both treatments, superoxide (O2\u2212) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), were apparent as purple and brown discolorations. Chitosan nanoparticles and SA treatments resulted in much more discoloration and quantitative measurements than untreated plants. In anatomical examinations, chitosan nanoparticles enhanced thickness of blade (\u00b5), thickness of mesophyll tissue, thickness of the lower and upper epidermis and bundle length and width in the midrib compared to the control. In the control treatment\u2019s top epidermis, several sori and a large number of urediniospores were found. Most anatomical characters of flag leaves in control plants were reduced by biotic stress with P. triticina. Transcription levels of PR1-PR5 and PR10 genes were activated in chitosan nanoparticles treated plants at 0, 1 and 2 days after inoculation. In light of the data, we suggest that the prospective use of chitosan nanoparticles might be an eco-friendly strategy to improve growth and control of leaf rust disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8030304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T22:09:58Z","timestamp":1647468598000},"page":"304","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Mechanism of Wheat Leaf Rust Control Using Chitosan Nanoparticles and Salicylic Acid"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4731-056X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohsen","family":"Elsharkawy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh 33516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9776-0238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reda","family":"Omara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wheat Diseases Research Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasser","family":"Mostafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saad","family":"Alamri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2593-3387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Hashem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6685-5456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sulaiman","family":"Alrumman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9857-8385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelmonim","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, El Minia 61519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omara, R.I., Shahin, A.A., Ahmed, S.M., Mostafa, Y.S., Alamri, S.A., Hashem, M., and Elsharkawy, M.M. 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