{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:59:07Z","timestamp":1790402347580,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,23]],"date-time":"2022-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003069","name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SIP20210051 and SIP20221693"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SIP20210051 and SIP20221693"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CB-2015-1-258735"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB-2015-1-258735"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sporotrichosis is a subacute, or chronic mycosis caused by traumatic inoculation of material contaminated with the fungus Sporothrix schenckii which is part of the Sporothrix spp. complex. The infection is limited to the skin, although its progression to more severe systemic or disseminated forms remains possible. Skin is the tissue that comes into contact with Sporothrix first, and the role of various cell lines has been described with regard to infection control. However, there is little information on the response of keratinocytes. In this study, we used the human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) and evaluated different aspects of infection from modifications in the cytoskeleton to the expression of molecules of the innate response during infection with conidia and yeast cells of Sporothrix schenckii. We found that during infection with both phases of the fungus, alterations of the actin cytoskeleton, formation of membrane protuberances, and loss of stress fibers were induced. We also observed an overexpression of the surface receptors MR, TLR6, CR3 and TLR2. Cytokine analysis showed that both phases of the fungus induced the production of elevated levels of the chemokines MCP-1 and IL-8, and proinflammatory cytokines IFN-\u03b1, IFN-\u03b3 and IL-6. In contrast, TNF-\u03b1 production was significant only with conidial infection. In late post-infection, cytokine production was observed with immunoregulatory activity, IL-10, and growth factors, G-CSF and GM-CSF. In conclusion, infection of keratinocytes with conidia and yeast cells of Sporothrix schenckii induces an inflammatory response and rearrangements of the cytoskeleton.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8050437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,23]],"date-time":"2022-04-23T21:39:45Z","timestamp":1650749985000},"page":"437","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Keratinocyte Response to Infection with Sporothrix schenckii"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Araceli","family":"Paredes-Rojas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Inmunolog\u00eda, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Sistemas Biol\u00f3gicos, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3082-0259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Palma-Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sistemas Biol\u00f3gicos, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura Estela","family":"Castrill\u00f3n-Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sistemas Biol\u00f3gicos, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Mendoza-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sistemas Biol\u00f3gicos, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda del Carmen","family":"Navarro-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Enfermedades Reum\u00e1ticas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias \u201cIsmael Cos\u00edo Villegas\u201d, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2992-9564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Arenas-Guzm\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Micolog\u00eda, Hospital General \u201cDr. Manuel Gea Gonz\u00e1lez\u201d, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4323-4988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge Ismael","family":"Casta\u00f1eda-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sistemas Biol\u00f3gicos, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julieta","family":"Luna-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Inmunolog\u00eda, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3198","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00808-07","article-title":"Sporothrix brasiliensis, S. globosa and S. mexicana, three new Sporothrix species of clinical interest","volume":"45","author":"Marimon","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.4.1414-1418.2003","article-title":"Detection of Sporothrix schenckii in clinical samples by a nested PCR assay","volume":"41","author":"Hu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myu062","article-title":"Global epidemiology of sporotrichosis","volume":"53","author":"Chakrabarti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1590\/S0001-37652006000200009","article-title":"Sporothrix schenckii and sporotrichosis","volume":"78","author":"Lopez","year":"2006","journal-title":"An. Acad. Bras. Cienc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arenas, R., S\u00e1nchez-C\u00e1rdenas, C.D., Ramirez-Hobak, L., Ru\u00edz Arriaga, L.F., and Vega Memije, M.E. (2018). Sporotrichosis: From KOH to molecular biology. J. Fungi., 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof4020062"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"24","article-title":"Esporotricosis: Serie de 1134 casos en una zona end\u00e9mica de M\u00e9xico","volume":"47","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Cutan. Ibero. Lat. Am."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-020-00387-x","article-title":"Sporotrichosis in Mexico","volume":"52","author":"Toriello","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlos, I.Z. (2015). Sporotrichosis: New Developments and Future Prospects, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-11912-0_1"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5073","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.9.5073-5079.2004","article-title":"Impaired host defense against Sporothrix schenckii in mice with chronic granulomatous disease","volume":"72","author":"Kajiwara","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.51.1.6-9.1986","article-title":"Activation of the alternative complement pathway by Sporothrix schenckii","volume":"51","author":"Scott","year":"1986","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2012.06.001","article-title":"Phagocytic receptors on macrophages distinguish between different Sporothrix schenckii morphotypes","volume":"14","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00843","article-title":"Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto and Sporothrix brasiliensis are differentially recognized by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells","volume":"8","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piipponen, M., Li, D., and Land\u00e9n, N.X. (2020). The immune functions of keratinocytes in skin wound healing. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228790"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.284","article-title":"Injury is a major inducer of epidermal innate immune responses during wound healing","volume":"130","author":"Nybo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2005.02122.x","article-title":"Various members of the Toll-like receptor family contribute to the innate immune response of human epidermal keratinocytes","volume":"114","author":"Kalali","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700530","article-title":"Human keratinocytes express functional Toll-like receptor 3, 4, 5, and 9","volume":"127","author":"Lebre","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1159\/000366359","article-title":"Expression and function of RIG-I in oral keratinocytes and fibroblasts","volume":"34","author":"Ohta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2012.02.006","article-title":"Characterization of retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) expression corresponding to viral infection and UVB in human keratinocytes","volume":"66","author":"Kimura","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.03.007","article-title":"Dectin-1 activation induces proliferation and migration of human keratinocytes enhancing wound re-epithelialization","volume":"289","author":"Richters","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2008.395","article-title":"Functional expression of the intracellular pattern recognition receptor NOD1 in human keratinocytes","volume":"129","author":"Harder","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1097\/JD9.0000000000000094","article-title":"The Immune function of keratinocytes in anti-pathogen infection in the skin","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, A.M., de Hoog, G.S., and de Camargo, Z.P. (2016). Sporothrix species causing outbreaks in animals and humans driven by animal-animal transmission. PLoS Pathog., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005638"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0b013e3181f5b622","article-title":"Sporotrichosis: Clinical and histopathological manifestations","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199912093412407","article-title":"Inflammatory skin diseases, T cells, and immune surveillance","volume":"341","author":"Robert","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e142067","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.142067","article-title":"Cytokinocytes: The diverse contribution of keratinocytes to immune responses in skin","volume":"5","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trz022","article-title":"Keratinocyte infection by Actinomadura madurae triggers an inflammatory response","volume":"113","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2012.04305.x","article-title":"Human antimicrobial peptides LL-37 and human \u03b2-defensin-2 reduce viral replication in keratinocytes infected with varicella zoster virus","volume":"37","author":"Crack","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.02776-14","article-title":"Dermatophytes activate skin keratinocytes via mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and induce immune responses","volume":"83","author":"Achterman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.riam.2015.03.001","article-title":"Interference of melanin in the susceptibility profile of Sporothrix species to amphotericin B","volume":"33","author":"Mario","year":"2016","journal-title":"Revista Iberoamericana de Micolog\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almeida-Paes, R., Figueiredo-Carvalho, M.H., Brito-Santos, F., Almeida-Silva, F., Oliveira, M.M., and Zancop\u00e9-Oliveira, R.M. (2016). Melanins protect Sporothrix brasiliensis and Sporothrix schenckii from the antifungal effects of terbinafine. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152796"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.02824.x","article-title":"Different virulence levels of the species of Sporothrix in a murine model","volume":"15","author":"Capilla","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.23112","article-title":"Characterization of virulence profile, protein secretion and immunogenicity of different Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto isolates compared with S. globosa and S. brasiliensis species","volume":"4","author":"Sasaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.23.2.366-372.1979","article-title":"Experimental sporotrichosis in Syrian hamsters","volume":"23","author":"Charoenvit","year":"1979","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780701625131","article-title":"Comparison of virulence of different Sporothrix schenckii clinical isolates using experimental murine model","volume":"45","author":"Brito","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsim.2005.05.014","article-title":"Interaction of pathogenic fungi with host cells: Molecular and cellular approaches","volume":"45","author":"Soares","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"ftw030","article-title":"Candida glabrata survives and replicates in human osteoblasts","volume":"74","year":"2016","journal-title":"FEMS Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"10","article-title":"Interaction of yeasts of Sporothrix schenckii with epithelia","volume":"36","author":"Sabanero","year":"2006","journal-title":"Res. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4236\/ojvm.2018.82003","article-title":"Evaluation of changes in actin filaments of RK13 cells infected with Malassezia pachydermatis","volume":"8","author":"Flores","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3156","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.6.3156-3163.2002","article-title":"Uptake of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia by phagocytic and nonphagocytic cells in vitro: Quantitation using strains expressing green fluorescent protein","volume":"70","author":"Wasylnka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2004.05.005","article-title":"Invasion of epithelial mammalian cells by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis leads to cytoskeletal rearrangement and apoptosis of the host cell","volume":"6","author":"Hanna","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.05230-0","article-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans induces alterations in the cytoskeleton of human brain microvascular endothelial cells","volume":"52","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0882-4010(03)00089-5","article-title":"Internalization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by macropinocytosis in non-phagocytic cells","volume":"35","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2939","article-title":"Immunity to fungal infections","volume":"11","author":"Romani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.FUNK-0035-2016","article-title":"The fungal cell wall: Structure, biosynthesis, and function","volume":"5","author":"Gow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-48-2-195","article-title":"Differences in virulence of Sporothrix schenckii conidia related to culture conditions and cell-wall components","volume":"48","author":"Fernandes","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.107.3.663","article-title":"Isolation and purification of a peptido-rhamnomannan from the yeast form of Sporothrix schenckii. Structural and immunochemical studies","volume":"107","author":"Lloyd","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1255","article-title":"Immunity to fungal infections","volume":"4","author":"Romani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2008.11.004","article-title":"Influence of the mannose receptor in host immune responses","volume":"214","author":"Gazi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2001.14071.x","article-title":"A mannose-binding receptor is expressed on human keratinocytes and mediates killing of Candida albicans","volume":"117","author":"Szolnoky","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3032","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2001208","article-title":"Complement receptor 3 forms a compact high-affinity complex with iC3b","volume":"206","author":"Jensen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.1.487","article-title":"Identification of heat shock protein 60 as the ligand on Histoplasma capsulatum that mediates binding to CD18 receptors on human macrophages","volume":"170","author":"Long","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3147","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.6.3147-3160.2004","article-title":"Pneumocystis activates human alveolar macrophage NF-kappa B signaling through mannose receptors","volume":"72","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0313130","article-title":"Mannose receptor and macrophage galactose-type lectin are involved in Bordetella pertussis mast cell interaction","volume":"94","author":"Vukman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2012.01.003","article-title":"Inflammatory response of human keratinocytes triggered by Sporothrix schenckii via Toll-like receptor 2 and 4","volume":"66","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13766","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.250476497","article-title":"The repertoire for pattern recognition of pathogens by the innate immune system is defined by cooperation between toll-like receptors","volume":"97","author":"Ozinsky","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2010.07.006","article-title":"MCP-1: Chemoattractant with a role beyond immunity: A review","volume":"411","author":"Yadav","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000710","article-title":"Role of the mannose receptor during Aspergillus fumigatus infection and interaction with Dectin-1 in corneal epithelial cells","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s004030050442","article-title":"T lymphocytes and altered keratinocytes express interferon-gamma and interleukin 6 in lichen planus","volume":"291","author":"Fayyazi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.1997.17.721","article-title":"The expression and modulation of IFN-alpha and IFN-beta in human keratinocytes","volume":"17","author":"Fujisawa","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanifer, M.L., Pervolaraki, K., and Boulant, S. (2019). Differential regulation of type I and type III interferon signaling. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20061445"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.19.1.683","article-title":"Interleukin-10 and the interleukin-10 receptor","volume":"19","author":"Moore","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.11.030","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity of Vismia guianensis (Aubl.) Pers. extracts and antifungal activity against Sporothrix schenckii","volume":"4","author":"Oliveira","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2008.00410.x","article-title":"Growth factors and cytokines in wound healing","volume":"16","author":"Barrientos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/08977190500055836","article-title":"G-CSF: A key regulator of neutrophil production, but that\u2019s not all!","volume":"23","author":"Roberts","year":"2005","journal-title":"Growth Factors"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, T.Y., Kim, Y.J., Jegal, J., Jo, B.G., Choi, H.S., and Yang, M.H. (2021). Haplopine Ameliorates 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in mice and TNF-\u03b1\/IFN-\u03b3-induced inflammation in human keratinocyte. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10050806"}],"container-title":["Journal of Fungi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/8\/5\/437\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:59:24Z","timestamp":1760137164000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/8\/5\/437"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,23]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["jof8050437"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof8050437","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-608X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2309-608X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,23]]}}}