{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T22:28:03Z","timestamp":1791325683010,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]],"date-time":"2022-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CNPq 302796\/2017-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNPq 302796\/2017-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E-26\/202.527\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/202.527\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E26\/201.866\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E26\/201.866\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CNPq 302796\/2017-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNPq 302796\/2017-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E-26\/202.527\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/202.527\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E26\/201.866\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E26\/201.866\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"FAPERJ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CNPq 302796\/2017-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNPq 302796\/2017-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"FAPERJ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E-26\/202.527\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/202.527\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"FAPERJ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E26\/201.866\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E26\/201.866\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pulmonary sporotrichosis is a rare condition. It can present as a primary pulmonary disease, resulting from direct Sporothrix species (spp). conidia inhalation, or as part of multifocal sporotrichosis with multiple organ involvement, mainly in immunocompromised patients. This study aimed to describe the sociodemographic and epidemiological characteristics and clinical course of patients with positive cultures for Sporothrix spp. from pulmonary specimens (sputum and\/or bronchoalveolar lavage) at a reference center in an area hyperendemic for zoonotic sporotrichosis. The clinical records of these patients were reviewed. Fourteen patients were included, and Sporothrix brasiliensis was identified in all cases. Disseminated sporotrichosis was the clinical presentation in 92.9% of cases, and primary pulmonary sporotrichosis accounted for 7.1%. Comorbidities included human immunodeficiency virus infection (78.6%), alcoholism (71.4%), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (14.3%). Treatment with amphotericin B followed by itraconazole was the preferred regimen and was prescribed in 92.9% of cases. Sporotrichosis-related death occurred in 42.9% while 35.7% of patients were cured. In five cases there was a probable contamination from upper airway lesions. Despite the significant increase in sporotrichosis cases, pulmonary sporotrichosis remains rare. The treatment of disseminated sporotrichosis is typically difficult. Prompt diagnosis and identification of all affected organs are crucial for better prognosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8050536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]],"date-time":"2022-05-21T09:18:08Z","timestamp":1653124688000},"page":"536","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Pulmonary Sporotrichosis Caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis: A 22-Year, Single-Center, Retrospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0348-8008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivian","family":"Fichman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Research in Infectious Dermatology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline Gra\u00e7a","family":"Mota-Damasceno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Research in Infectious Dermatology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Carolina","family":"Proc\u00f3pio-Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Mycology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz. Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7378-1990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Almeida-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Mycology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz. Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6900-9703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priscila Marques","family":"de Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Research in Infectious Dermatology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise Machado","family":"Medeiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Service, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guis Saint-Martin","family":"Astacio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Image Service, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosely Maria","family":"Zancop\u00e9-Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Mycology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz. Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6639-6058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Almeida-Paes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Mycology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz. Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2039-2438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dayvison Francis Saraiva","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Research in Infectious Dermatology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Clara","family":"Gutierrez-Galhardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Research in Infectious Dermatology, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"354","article-title":"Sporothrix schenckii and sporotrichosis","volume":"24","author":"Schubach","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.2017279","article-title":"Sporotrichosis: An update on epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, laboratory and clinical therapeutics","volume":"92","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2017","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freitas, D.F.S., Valle, A.C.F.D., da Silva, M.B.T., Campos, D.P., Lyra, M.R., de Souza, R.V., Veloso, V.G., Zancop\u00e9-Oliveira, R.M., Bastos, F.I., and Galhardo, M.C.G. (2014). Sporotrichosis: An emerging neglected opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003110"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1086\/381200","article-title":"Cat-Transmitted Sporotrichosis Epidemic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Description of a Series of Cases","volume":"38","author":"Wanke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramos, V., Astacio, G.S.M., Do Valle, A.C.F., de Macedo, P.M., Lyra, M.R., Almeida-Paes, R., Oliveira, M.M.E., Zancop\u00e9-Oliveira, R.M., Brand\u00e3o, L.G.P., and Quintana, M.S.B. (2021). Bone sporotrichosis: 41 cases from a reference hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009250"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almeida-Paes, R., de Oliveira, M.M.E., Freitas, D.F.S., do Valle, A.C.F., Zancop\u00e9-Oliveira, R.M., and Gutierrez-Galhardo, M.C. (2014). Sporotrichosis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Sporothrix brasiliensis Is Associated with Atypical Clinical Presentations. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003094"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ361","article-title":"Sporotrichosis in the Central Nervous System Caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis","volume":"61","author":"Freitas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Etchecopaz, A., Toscanini, M.A., Gisbert, A., Mas, J., Scarpa, M., Iovannitti, C.A., Bendez\u00fa, K., Nusblat, A.D., Iachini, R., and Cuestas, M.L. (2021). Sporothrix brasiliensis: A review of an emerging south american fungal pathogen, its related disease, presentation and spread in Argentina. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7030170"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2012.751643","article-title":"Pulmonary sporotrichosis: Case series and systematic analysis of literature on clinico-radiological patterns and management outcomes","volume":"51","author":"Aung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.125.3.651","article-title":"Roentgenology of sporotrichosis","volume":"125","author":"Comstock","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol. Radium Ther. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1086\/522765","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Sporotrichosis: 2007 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"45","author":"Kauffman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"e00109218","article-title":"Hospitalizations and deaths related to sporotrichosis in Brazil (1992\u20132015)","volume":"35","author":"Campos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cad. Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2011.596288","article-title":"Sporotrichosis in HIV-infected patients: Report of 21 cases of endemic sporotrichosis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"50","author":"Freitas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.riam.2018.09.002","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of mycologic and serologic methods in a cohort of patients with suspected sporotrichosis","volume":"36","author":"Pizzini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Iberoam. Micol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, A.M., de Hoog, G.S., and de Camargo, Z.P. (2015). Molecular Diagnosis of Pathogenic Sporothrix Species. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004190"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-010-9380-8","article-title":"Comparative Study of 250 mg\/day Terbinafine and 100 mg\/day Itraconazole for the Treatment of Cutaneous Sporotrichosis","volume":"171","author":"Francesconi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1","article-title":"The difficult management of disseminated Sporothrix brasiliensis in a patient with advanced AIDS","volume":"12","author":"Galhardo","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1159\/000493181","article-title":"Atypical manifestation of disseminated sporotrichosis in an AIDS patient","volume":"10","author":"Ferreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Case Rep. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2013.02.004","article-title":"Pulmonary cavitation and skin lesions mimicking tuberculosis in a HIV negative patient caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis","volume":"2","author":"Unterstell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Mycol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Rapidly Progressive Disseminated Sporotrichosis as the First Presentation of HIV Infection in a Patient with a Very Low CD4 Cell Count","volume":"2017","author":"Martins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Case Rep. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abd.2019.08.029","article-title":"Systemic sporotrichosis in an alcoholic patient","volume":"95","author":"Barros","year":"2020","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves, M.D.M., Milan, E.P., da Silva-Rocha, W.P., da Costa, A.S.D.S., Maciel, B.A., Vale, P.H.C., de Albuquerque, P.R., Lima, S.L., Melo, A.S.D.A., and Rodrigues, A.M. (2020). Fatal pulmonary sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis in Northeast Brazil. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008141"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.59.030804.121055","article-title":"Defining virulence genes in the dimorphic fungi","volume":"60","author":"Rappleye","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1177\/120347540000400113","article-title":"Sporotrichosis infection on mines of the Witwatersrand","volume":"4","author":"Quintal","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"463","article-title":"Pulmonary sporotrichosis in mice following intranasal infection","volume":"93","author":"Sethi","year":"1966","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02051670","article-title":"Exposure of mice to inhalation of pigmented conidia of Sporothrix schenckii","volume":"38","author":"Civila","year":"1969","journal-title":"Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myz024","article-title":"Zoonotic sporotrichosis with greater severity in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: 118 hospitalizations and 11 deaths in the last 2 decades in a reference institution","volume":"58","author":"Pires","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arinelli, A., Aleixo, A.L.Q.C.Q.C., Freitas, D.F.S.S., do Valle, A.C.F.F., Almeida-Paes, R., Nobre Guimar\u00e3es, A.L., Oliveira, R.V.C.C., Gutierrez-Galhardo, M.C., and Curi, A.L.L.L. (2022). Ocular Manifestations of Sporotrichosis in a Hyperendemic Region in Brazil: Description of a Series of 120 Cases. Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm., 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2022.2027465"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-020-00365-3","article-title":"Guideline for the management of feline sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis and literature revision","volume":"52","author":"Montenegro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2004.224.1623","article-title":"Evaluation of an epidemic of sporotrichosis in cats: 347 cases (1998\u20132001)","volume":"224","author":"Schubach","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-280X.1999.00239.x","article-title":"Involvement of CD4+ T cells and macrophages in acquired protection against infection with Sporothrix schenckii in mice","volume":"37","author":"Tachibana","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.5123\/S1679-49742015000200005","article-title":"Heavy drinking in Brazil: Results from the 2013 National Health Survey Heavy drinking in Brazil","volume":"24","author":"Garcia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiol. E Servi\u00e7os Sa\u00fade"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"185","article-title":"Impact of Alcohol Abuse on the Adaptive Immune System","volume":"37","author":"Pasala","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alcohol Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-198605000-00002","article-title":"Pulmonary sporotrichosis: Review of treatment and outcome","volume":"65","author":"Pluss","year":"1986","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2783","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2611.201693","article-title":"Sporotrichosis Cases in Commercial Insurance Data, United States, 2012\u20132018","volume":"26","author":"Benedict","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.73.3.419","article-title":"Existence of Sporothrix schenckii as a pulmonary saprophyte","volume":"73","author":"Lowenstein","year":"1978","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1562901","article-title":"Pulmonary Sporotrichosis: An Evolving Clinical Paradigm","volume":"36","author":"Aung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med."}],"container-title":["Journal of Fungi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/8\/5\/536\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:16:10Z","timestamp":1760138170000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/8\/5\/536"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["jof8050536"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof8050536","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-608X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2309-608X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]]}}}