{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:12:16Z","timestamp":1790467936726,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health (NIH)","award":["R21AI135583"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI135583"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health (NIH)","award":["R01EY026964"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY026964"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health (NIH)","award":["R01 EY027381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 EY027381"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health (NIH)","award":["P30EY004068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30EY004068"]}]},{"name":"NIH Core","award":["R21AI135583"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI135583"]}]},{"name":"NIH Core","award":["R01EY026964"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY026964"]}]},{"name":"NIH Core","award":["R01 EY027381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 EY027381"]}]},{"name":"NIH Core","award":["P30EY004068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30EY004068"]}]},{"name":"Research to Prevent Blindness Inc.","award":["R21AI135583"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI135583"]}]},{"name":"Research to Prevent Blindness Inc.","award":["R01EY026964"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY026964"]}]},{"name":"Research to Prevent Blindness Inc.","award":["R01 EY027381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 EY027381"]}]},{"name":"Research to Prevent Blindness Inc.","award":["P30EY004068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30EY004068"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fungal endophthalmitis is one of the leading causes of vision loss worldwide. Post-operative and traumatic injuries are major contributing factors resulting in ocular fungal infections in healthy and, more importantly, immunocompromised individuals. Among the fungal pathogens, the Aspergillus species, Aspergillus fumigatus, continues to be more prevalent in fungal endophthalmitis patients. However, due to overlapping clinical symptoms with other endophthalmitis etiology, fungal endophthalmitis pose a challenge in its diagnosis and treatment. Hence, it is critical to understand its pathobiology to develop and deploy proper therapeutic interventions for combating Aspergillus infections. This review highlights the different modes of Aspergillus transmission and the host immune response during endophthalmitis. Additionally, we discuss recent advancements in the diagnosis of fungal endophthalmitis. Finally, we comprehensively summarize various antifungal regimens and surgical options for the treatment of Aspergillus endophthalmitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8070656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T21:31:06Z","timestamp":1655933466000},"page":"656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Aspergillus Endophthalmitis: Epidemiology, Pathobiology, and Current Treatments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Alisha","family":"Khambati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2084-5441","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"III","given":"Robert Emery","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susmita","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirisha","family":"Pasula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3257-8782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Sepulveda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamta","family":"Kanwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pranatharthi","family":"Chandrasekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6332-6591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashok","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000255","article-title":"High prevalence of clinical and environmental triazole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus in Iran: Is it a challenging issue?","volume":"65","author":"Nabili","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-018-6952-4","article-title":"Identification of saprophytic and allergenic fungi in indoor and outdoor environments","volume":"190","author":"Ziaee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"265","article-title":"Airborne fungi in an intensive care unit","volume":"78","author":"Mota","year":"2018","journal-title":"Braz. J. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"103","article-title":"Air-conditioning vs. presence of pathogenic fungi in hospital operating theatre environment","volume":"57","author":"Gniadek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wiad. Parazytol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.01.047","article-title":"Predominance of non-fumigatus Aspergillus species among patients suspected to pulmonary aspergillosis in a tropical and subtropical region of the Middle East","volume":"116","author":"Zanganeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"e13744","article-title":"Detection of Aspergillus flavus and A. fumigatus in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Specimens of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants and Hematological Malignancies Patients by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Nested PCR and Mycological Assays","volume":"8","author":"Zarrinfar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Jundishapur J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"70","article-title":"Mycological Microscopic and Culture Examination of 400 Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) Samples","volume":"41","author":"Zarrinfar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.2.310","article-title":"Aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillosis","volume":"12","author":"Latge","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S6461","article-title":"Endophthalmitis: Pathogenesis, clinical presentation, management, and perspectives","volume":"4","author":"Kernt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-019-0380-8","article-title":"Trends in microbiological spectrum of endophthalmitis at a single tertiary care ophthalmic hospital in India: A review of 25 years","volume":"33","author":"Joseph","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.02.027","article-title":"Exogenous fungal endophthalmitis: Microbiology and clinical outcomes","volume":"115","author":"Wykoff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.11.021","article-title":"Endophthalmitis: Then and Now","volume":"187","author":"Relhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1097\/01.APO.0000617928.43993.7e","article-title":"Aspergillus Endophthalmitis: Clinical Presentations and Factors Determining Outcomes","volume":"9","author":"Dave","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2015.30.7.960","article-title":"Recent Clinical Manifestation and Prognosis of Fungal Endophthalmitis: A 7-Year Experience at a Tertiary Referral Center in Korea","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.5935\/0004-2749.20170048","article-title":"Successful treatment of fungal endophthalmitis using intravitreal caspofungin","volume":"80","author":"Danielescu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Oftalmol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(01)00968-0","article-title":"Endogenous mycotic endophthalmitis: Variations in clinical and histopathologic changes in candidiasis compared with aspergillosis","volume":"132","author":"Rao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7750","DOI":"10.4081\/idr.2018.7750","article-title":"Aspergillus aortitis in an immunocompetent patient presenting with acute endophthalmitis","volume":"10","author":"Rocco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S219264","article-title":"Diagnostic and Management Strategies of Aspergillus Endophthalmitis: Current Insights","volume":"13","author":"Spadea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2015.1115080","article-title":"Outcomes of Primary Transconjunctival 23-Gauge Vitrectomy in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Presumed Endogenous Fungal Endophthalmitis","volume":"25","author":"William","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.03.053","article-title":"Early onset endophthalmitis caused by Aspergillus species following cataract surgery","volume":"142","author":"Callanan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3126\/nepjoph.v4i1.5873","article-title":"Endogenous Aspergillus endophthalmitis in a healthy individual","volume":"4","author":"Mamandhar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nepal. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.70.9.657","article-title":"Retinal toxicity of amphotericin B in vitrectomised versus non-vitrectomised eyes","volume":"70","author":"Baldinger","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1980.01020030853010","article-title":"Endogenous Aspergillus endophthalmitis in drug abusers","volume":"98","author":"Doft","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e318033de67","article-title":"Diagnostic and therapeutic challenge of Aspergillus flavus scleritis","volume":"26","author":"Fincher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haseeb, A.A., Elhusseiny, A.M., Siddiqui, M.Z., Ahmad, K.T., and Sallam, A.B. (2021). Fungal Endophthalmitis: A Comprehensive Review. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7110996"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjopt.2018.01.001","article-title":"Fungal endophthalmitis in a case of granulomatosis with polyangitis","volume":"32","author":"AlQahtani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Saudi J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3648","DOI":"10.2174\/13816128113199990342","article-title":"Antifungal therapy of aspergillosis of the central nervous system and aspergillus endophthalmitis","volume":"19","author":"Hoenigl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2016.1199710","article-title":"Recurrent Aspergillus terreus Endophthalmitis from Focal Bronchiectasis","volume":"26","author":"Puah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocular Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2015.1083976","article-title":"Treatment of drug-resistant Aspergillus infection","volume":"16","author":"Aigner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-015-9903-4","article-title":"Disseminated Aspergillosis in the Immunocompetent Host: A Case Report and Literature Review","volume":"180","author":"Cheon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(96)30619-2","article-title":"Aspergillus endophthalmitis. An unrecognized endemic disease in orthotopic liver transplantation","volume":"103","author":"Hunt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00055-08","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Aspergillus fumigatus in Invasive Aspergillosis","volume":"22","author":"Dagenais","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(98)71225-3","article-title":"Endogenous Aspergillus endophthalmitis. Clinical features and treatment outcomes","volume":"105","author":"Weishaar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lupia, T., Corcione, S., Fea, A.M., Reibaldi, M., Fallico, M., Petrillo, F., Galdiero, M., Scabini, S., Polito, M.S., and Ciabatti, U. (2020). Exogenous Fungal Endophthalmitis: Clues to Aspergillus Aetiology with a Pharmacological Perspective. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9010074"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.018309-0","article-title":"Aspergillus niger: An unusual cause of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"59","author":"Person","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"251","article-title":"Otomycosis: Clinical and mycological study of 97 cases","volume":"127","author":"Araiza","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Laryngol. Otol. Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6701(96)90145-0","article-title":"Kitchens as a source of Aspergillus niger infection","volume":"32","author":"Loudon","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00153-20","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00153-20","article-title":"Functional Characterization of Clinical Isolates of the Opportunistic Fungal Pathogen Aspergillus nidulans","volume":"5","author":"Bastos","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00854","article-title":"Nutritional Heterogeneity Among Aspergillus fumigatus Strains Has Consequences for Virulence in a Strain- and Host-Dependent Manner","volume":"10","author":"Ries","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00135-17","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00135-17","article-title":"Heterogeneity Confounds Establishment of \u201ca\u201d Model Microbial Strain","volume":"8","author":"Keller","year":"2017","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(01)02104-7","article-title":"The pathobiology of Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"9","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.6.1494-1500.1998","article-title":"Molecular typing of environmental and patient isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus from various hospital settings","volume":"36","author":"Chazalet","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3080","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.8.3080-3085.1997","article-title":"Genetic diversity among clinical and environmental isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"65","author":"Debeaupuis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect. Immunity"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00140-18","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00140-18","article-title":"Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillosis in 2019","volume":"33","author":"Chamilos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-013-1210-x","article-title":"Heterogeneity in the mycelium: Implications for the use of fungi as cell factories","volume":"35","author":"Krijgsheld","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertuzzi, M., Schrettl, M., Alcazar-Fuoli, L., Cairns, T.C., Munoz, A., Walker, L.A., Herbst, S., Safari, M., Cheverton, A.M., and Chen, D. (2014). The pH-responsive PacC transcription factor of Aspergillus fumigatus governs epithelial entry and tissue invasion during pulmonary aspergillosis. PLoS Pathog., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004413"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04248","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.4248","article-title":"Successful treatment of pulmonary aspergillosis due to Aspergillus fumigatus in a child affected by systemic lupus erythematosus: A case report from Northeastern Iran","volume":"9","author":"Kashefi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"9289532","article-title":"Aspergillus fumigatus Endophthalmitis with Necrotizing Scleritis following Pars Plana Vitrectomy","volume":"2016","author":"Gruener","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep. Ophthalmol. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-1626-3-31","article-title":"A case of aspergillus endophthalmitis in an immuncompetent woman: Intra-ocular penetration of oral voriconazole: A case report","volume":"3","author":"Logan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cases J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rudramurthy, S.M., Paul, R.A., Chakrabarti, A.A., Mouton, J.W., and Meis, J.A. (2019). Invasive Aspergillosis by Aspergillus flavus: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Antifungal Resistance, and Management. J. Fungi, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof5030055"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2008.01642.x","article-title":"Aspergillus flavus: An emerging non-fumigatus Aspergillus species of significance","volume":"52","author":"Krishnan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S35","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2010.505206","article-title":"Invasive aspergillosis in developing countries","volume":"49","author":"Chakrabarti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.2007\/007641-0","article-title":"Aspergillus flavus: Human pathogen, allergen and mycotoxin producer","volume":"153","author":"Hedayati","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbiology (Reading)"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-014-0030-x","article-title":"Aspergillus flavus endophthalmitis after penetrating keratoplasty combined with cataract phacoemulsification and IOL implantation","volume":"35","author":"Spadea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.4103\/jacm.jacm_8_18","article-title":"Endogenous endophthalmitis caused by Aspergillus flavus in an immunocompetent individual\u2014A rare case with review of literature","volume":"21","author":"Viswanathaiah","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Acad. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aydin, S., Ertugrul, B., Gultekin, B., Uyar, G., and Kir, E. (2007). Treatment of two postoperative endophthalmitis cases due to Aspergillus flavus and Scopulariopsis spp. with local and systemic antifungal therapy. BMC Infect. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-7-87"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.5038\/1827-806X.46.3.2105","article-title":"Screening of antifungal susceptibility in cave-dwelling aspergilli and report of an amphotericin B-resistant Aspergillus flavus","volume":"46","author":"Taylor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Speleol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e318185e943","article-title":"Fungal endophthalmitis: Fourteen years\u2019 experience from a center in India","volume":"28","author":"Chakrabarti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00113-16","article-title":"Bacterial and Fungal Endophthalmitis","volume":"30","author":"Durand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5053923","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5053923","article-title":"Microbiological Isolates and Antibiotic Susceptibilities in Cases of Posttraumatic Endophthalmitis: A 15-Year Review","volume":"2020","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_695_17","article-title":"Presumably contaminated intravenous infusion-induced Aspergillus terreus endogenous endophthalmitis presenting with posterior hypopyon","volume":"66","author":"Dogra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S35386","article-title":"Histopathologic correlation of Aspergillus endophthalmitis following uncomplicated cataract surgery","volume":"6","author":"Haddock","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/50572","article-title":"Mycotic Infections of the Eye","volume":"24","author":"Biernat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1097\/ICB.0b013e318196b26c","article-title":"Bilateral simultaneous endogenous Aspergillus endophthalmitis in an immunocompetent patient","volume":"4","author":"Sachdev","year":"2010","journal-title":"Retin. Cases Brief Rep."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000135","article-title":"Multimodal imaging findin.ngs in endogenous Aspergillus endophthalmitis","volume":"34","author":"Adam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00272","article-title":"First Line of Defense: Innate Cell-Mediated Control of Pulmonary Aspergillosis","volume":"7","author":"Espinosa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.10.023","article-title":"Immune Interactions with Pathogenic and Commensal Fungi: A Two-Way Street","volume":"43","author":"Underhill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2012.10.026","article-title":"Tracing conidial fate and measuring host cell antifungal activity using a reporter of microbial viability in the lung","volume":"2","author":"Jhingran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4938","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0804250","article-title":"Requisite role for the dectin-1 beta-glucan receptor in pulmonary defense against Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"182","author":"Werner","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5394","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-04-279307","article-title":"Dectin-1 Y238X polymorphism associates with susceptibility to invasive aspergillosis in hematopoietic transplantation through impairment of both recipient- and donor-dependent mechanisms of antifungal immunity","volume":"116","author":"Cunha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jhingran, A., Kasahara, S., Shepardson, K.M., Junecko, B.A., Heung, L.J., Kumasaka, D.K., Knoblaugh, S.E., Lin, X., Kazmierczak, B.I., and Reinhart, T.A. (2015). Compartment-specific and sequential role of MyD88 and CARD9 in chemokine induction and innate defense during respiratory fungal infection. PLoS Pathog., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004589"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caffrey, A.K., Lehmann, M.M., Zickovich, J.M., Espinosa, V., Shepardson, K.M., Watschke, C.P., Hilmer, K.M., Thammahong, A., Barker, B.M., and Rivera, A. (2015). IL-1alpha signaling is critical for leukocyte recruitment after pulmonary Aspergillus fumigatus challenge. PLoS Pathog., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004625"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.01.006","article-title":"Concerted activation of the AIM2 and NLRP3 inflammasomes orchestrates host protection against Aspergillus infection","volume":"17","author":"Karki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04912-3","article-title":"Genetic deficiency of NOD2 confers resistance to invasive aspergillosis","volume":"9","author":"Gresnigt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5170","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-12-258376","article-title":"Role of complement and Fc{gamma} receptors in the protective activity of the long pentraxin PTX3 against Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"116","author":"Moalli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400814","article-title":"PTX3 binds MD-2 and promotes TRIF-dependent immune protection in aspergillosis","volume":"193","author":"Bozza","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1211161","article-title":"Genetic PTX3 deficiency and aspergillosis in stem-cell transplantation","volume":"370","author":"Cunha","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2978","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1002268","article-title":"Class IA phosphoinositide 3-kinase beta and delta regulate neutrophil oxidase activation in response to Aspergillus fumigatus hyphae","volume":"186","author":"Boyle","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI63239","article-title":"Fungal antioxidant pathways promote survival against neutrophils during infection","volume":"122","author":"Leal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a019638","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a019638","article-title":"Mendelian genetics of human susceptibility to fungal infection","volume":"4","author":"Lionakis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.01.047","article-title":"Invasive fungal disease in autosomal-dominant hyper-IgE syndrome","volume":"125","author":"Vinh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.4A1015-483R","article-title":"JAK\/STAT regulation of Aspergillus fumigatus corneal infections and IL-6\/23-stimulated neutrophil, IL-17, elastase, and MMP9 activity","volume":"100","author":"Taylor","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Lukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1023\/B:MYCO.0000038434.55764.16","article-title":"Correlation between gliotoxin production and virulence of Aspergillus fumigatus in Galleria mellonella","volume":"158","author":"Reeves","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-004-1192-7","article-title":"Recognition of fungal pathogens by Toll-like receptors","volume":"23","author":"Netea","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.3.1554-1560.2001","article-title":"Cytokine networking in lungs of immunocompetent mice in response to inhaled Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"69","author":"Brieland","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Immunity"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1086\/525044","article-title":"Gliotoxin production in Aspergillus fumigatus contributes to host-specific differences in virulence","volume":"197","author":"Spikes","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, N., Singh, P.K., Revankar, S.G., Chandrasekar, P.H., and Kumar, A. (2019). Pathobiology of Aspergillus Fumigatus Endophthalmitis in Immunocompetent and Immunocompromised Mice. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7090297"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01537-18","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01537-18","article-title":"Isavuconazole for Treatment of Experimental Fungal Endophthalmitis Caused by Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"62","author":"Guest","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00141-07","article-title":"Gliotoxin is a virulence factor of Aspergillus fumigatus: GliP deletion attenuates virulence in mice immunosuppressed with hydrocortisone","volume":"6","author":"Sugui","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eukaryot Cell"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-011-3689-1","article-title":"Biosynthesis and function of gliotoxin in Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"93","author":"Scharf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.1.635-637.2005","article-title":"Detection of gliotoxin in experimental and human aspergillosis","volume":"73","author":"Lewis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Immunity"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.18869\/acadpub.cmm.2.1.36","article-title":"Aspergillus species in indoor environments and their possible occupational and public health hazards","volume":"2","author":"Mousavi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.2192","article-title":"Fungal gliotoxin targets the onset of superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase of human neutrophils","volume":"268","author":"Yoshida","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2007.04.006","article-title":"Gliotoxin production by clinical and environmental Aspergillus fumigatus strains","volume":"298","author":"Kupfahl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filler, S.G., and Sheppard, D.C. (2006). Fungal invasion of normally non-phagocytic host cells. PLoS Pathog., 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0020129"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2004.04.018","article-title":"Innate immunity in the retina: Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling in human retinal pigment epithelial cells","volume":"153","author":"Kumar","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.5.3059","article-title":"The contribution of the Toll-like\/IL-1 receptor superfamily to innate and adaptive immunity to fungal pathogens in vivo","volume":"172","author":"Bellocchio","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7406","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.12.7406","article-title":"TLRs govern neutrophil activity in aspergillosis","volume":"173","author":"Bellocchio","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e328348b159","article-title":"Immune responses against Aspergillus fumigatus: What have we learned?","volume":"24","author":"Cramer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00596-20","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00596-20","article-title":"Human Neutrophils Produce Antifungal Extracellular Vesicles against Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"11","author":"Shopova","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2021.101136","article-title":"Differential inflammatory response to Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans infection in human retinal pigment epithelial cells: Role in treatment of endophthalmitis","volume":"31","author":"Gandhi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mycol. Med."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gandhi, J., Naik, P., Kaur, I., Kumar, A., and Joseph, J. (2020). Microglial Response to Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans: Implications in Endophthalmitis. J. Fungi, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6030162"},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"848","article-title":"Surgical management of fungal endophthalmitis resulting from fungal keratitis","volume":"9","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.4.730-797.2003","article-title":"Current Perspectives on Ophthalmic Mycoses","volume":"16","author":"Thomas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.64122","article-title":"Is inclusion of Sabouraud dextrose agar essential for the laboratory diagnosis of fungal keratitis?","volume":"58","author":"Das","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"100","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of infectious endophthalmitis","volume":"4","author":"Ma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-015-9932-z","article-title":"Risk of Fungal Endophthalmitis Associated with Cataract Surgery: A Mini-Review","volume":"180","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1990.tb01677.x","article-title":"Role of aqueous and vitreous cultures in diagnosing infectious endophthalmitis in rabbits","volume":"68","author":"Koul","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1991.01080040025009","article-title":"A collection system to obtain vitreous humor in clinical cases","volume":"109","author":"Tamai","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2014.278","article-title":"Reliability of vitreous histological detection of pathogenic fungi in the diagnosis of fungal endophthalmitis","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"8306163","article-title":"Diagnosis of Vitreoretinal Aspergillosis with Transvitreal Retinochoroidal Biopsy","volume":"2018","author":"Peddada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Case Rep. Ophthalmol. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-020-00270-w","article-title":"The Role of Systemic Antimicrobials in the Treatment of Endophthalmitis: A Review and an International Perspective","volume":"9","author":"Grzybowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-015-0063-y","article-title":"Endogenous endophthalmitis: Diagnosis, management, and prognosis","volume":"5","author":"Sadiq","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmic Inflamm. Infect."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3109\/09273940903494717","article-title":"Endogenous endophthalmitisEndogenous endophthalmitis: A 10-year review of culture-positive cases in northern China","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-011-1819-1","article-title":"Detection of Candida and A. aspergillus species DNA using broad-range real-time PCR for fungal endophthalmitis","volume":"250","author":"Sugita","year":"2012","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02178-07","article-title":"Evaluation of novel broad-range real-time PCR assay for rapid detection of human pathogenic fungi in various clinical specimens","volume":"46","author":"Vollmer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.6.2338-2340.2001","article-title":"Detection of Aspergillus species DNA by PCR in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid","volume":"39","author":"Hayette","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002049","article-title":"Beta-D-Glucan Beta-d-glucan testing in patients with fungal endophthalmitis","volume":"38","author":"Kolomeyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw326","article-title":"Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Aspergillosis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"63","author":"Patterson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000512","article-title":"Effect of involved Aspergillus species on galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage of patients with invasive aspergillosis","volume":"66","author":"Hedayati","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.037","article-title":"Aspergillus endophthalmitis: Potential role for vitreous galactomannan testing?","volume":"96","author":"Dupont","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gandhi, J., Gagan, S., Mohamed, A., Das, T., Dave, V.P., and Joseph, J. (2022). Evaluation of Vitreous Galactomannan and (1, 3) beta-D-Glucan Levels in the Diagnosis of Fungal Endophthalmitis in Southern India. Ocular Immunol. Inflamm., 1\u20137.","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2022.2060261"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s40506-014-0016-2","article-title":"Treatment options in Invasive Aspergillosis","volume":"6","author":"Panackal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq204","article-title":"Treatment of endogenous fungal endophthalmitis: Focus on new antifungal agents","volume":"52","author":"Riddell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-013-0069-4","article-title":"Amphotericin B formulations: A comparative review of efficacy and toxicity","volume":"73","author":"Hamill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2010.305","article-title":"Concentrated Intravitreal Amphotericin B in Fungal Endophthalmitis","volume":"128","author":"Payne","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(73)90753-8","article-title":"Toxicity of intravitreal injection of amphotericin B","volume":"76","author":"Axelrod","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-1020","article-title":"Comparative toxicity and concentrations of intravitreal amphotericin B formulations in a rabbit model","volume":"44","author":"Cannon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-015-0397-x","article-title":"Intravitreal liposomal amphotericin B for treatment of endogenous candida endophthalmitis","volume":"59","author":"Bae","year":"2015","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2017-310581","article-title":"Differences in clinical ocular outcomes between exogenous and endogenous endophthalmitis caused by Sporothrix: A systematic review of published literature","volume":"102","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papich, M.G. (2016). Fluconazole. Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs, W.B. Saunders. [4th ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-24485-5.00265-5"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7234","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03324-14","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and safety of intravitreal caspofungin","volume":"58","author":"Shen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-1362","article-title":"Clearance of intravitreal voriconazole","volume":"48","author":"Shen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7369","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-17266","article-title":"A Comparative Treatment Study of Intravitreal Voriconazole and Liposomal Amphotericin B in an Aspergillus fumigatus Endophthalmitis Model","volume":"56","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.3928\/1542-8877-20020901-06","article-title":"Acute-onset postoperative endophthalmitis: Review of incidence and visual outcomes (1995\u20132001)","volume":"33","author":"Eifrig","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg. Lasers"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S90335","article-title":"Role of isavuconazole in the treatment of invasive fungal infections","volume":"12","author":"Wilson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_137","unstructured":"Long, S.S., Prober, C.G., and Fischer, M. (2018). Antifungal Agents. Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-539-8_32","article-title":"Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism for invasive aspergillosis","volume":"845","author":"Lionakis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn224","article-title":"Does pre-exposure of Aspergillus fumigatus to voriconazole or posaconazole in vitro affect its virulence and the in vivo activity of subsequent posaconazole or voriconazole, respectively? A study in a fly model of aspergillosis","volume":"62","author":"Lamaris","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/08820538.2016.1228396","article-title":"The Role of Vitrectomy in the Management of Fungal Endophthalmitis","volume":"32","author":"Chee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-007-9082-z","article-title":"Galleria mellonella and the study of fungal pathogenesis: Making the case for another genetically tractable model host","volume":"165","author":"Mylonakis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5796","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5541","article-title":"Evaluating retinal toxicity of intravitreal caspofungin in the mouse eye","volume":"51","author":"Mojumder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e110","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2009.01853.x","article-title":"Intraocular caspofungin: In vitro safety profile for human ocular cells","volume":"54","author":"Kernt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_144","first-page":"649","article-title":"Filamentous fungal endophthalmitis: Results of combination therapy with intravitreal amphotericin B and voriconazole","volume":"9","author":"Mithal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2019.05.004","article-title":"Targets of immunomodulation in bacterial endophthalmitis","volume":"73","author":"Miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2010.04.005","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of glucocorticoids, recent developments and mechanistic insights","volume":"335","author":"Coutinho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.11.139","article-title":"Fungal endophthalmitis","volume":"9","author":"Chhablani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2016.1245758","article-title":"A Review of the Role of Intravitreal Corticosteroids as an Adjuvant to Antibiotics in Infectious Endophthalmitis","volume":"26","author":"Agarwal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1999.179","article-title":"Role of intravitreal dexamethasone in exogenous fungal endophthalmitis","volume":"13","author":"Majji","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001727","article-title":"Role of Early Vitrectomy in the Treatment of Fungal Endophthalmitis","volume":"38","author":"Behera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2018.08.009","article-title":"Characteristics and Outcomes of Endogenous Endophthalmitis: Eight-Year Experience at a Tertiary Care Center","volume":"3","author":"Modjtahedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Retin."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-019-0174-y","article-title":"Infectious endophthalmitis leading to evisceration: Spectrum of bacterial and fungal pathogens and antibacterial susceptibility profile","volume":"9","author":"Dave","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmic Inflamm. Infect."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"J103","DOI":"10.3314\/mmj.16.001","article-title":"The Current Status of Drug-resistant Aspergillus","volume":"57","author":"Tashiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Mycol. J."}],"container-title":["Journal of Fungi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/8\/7\/656\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:37:46Z","timestamp":1760139466000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/8\/7\/656"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]]},"references-count":153,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jof8070656"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof8070656","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-608X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2309-608X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]]}}}