{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T02:51:28Z","timestamp":1790823088042,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Isavuconazole is a broad-spectrum antifungal drug recently approved as a first-line treatment for invasive aspergillosis and as a first or alternative treatment for mucormycosis. The purpose of this review was to report and discuss the use of isavuconazole for the treatment of COVID-19-associated aspergillosis (CAPA), and COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM). Among all studies which reported treatment of CAPA, approximately 10% of patients were reportedly treated with isavuconazole. Considering 14 identified studies that reported the use of isavuconazole for CAPA, isavuconazole was used in 40% of patients (95 of 235 treated patients), being first-line monotherapy in over half of them. We identified six studies that reported isavuconazole use in CAM, either alone or in combination therapy. Overall, isavuconazole was used as therapy in 13% of treated CAM patients, frequently as combination or sequential therapy. The use of isavuconazole in CAPA and CAM is complicated by the challenge of achieving adequate exposure in COVID-19 patients who are frequently obese and hospitalized in the ICU with concomitant renal replacement therapy (RRT) or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). The presence of data on high efficacy in the treatment of aspergillosis, lower potential for drug\u2013drug interactions (DDIs) and for subtherapeutic levels, and no risk of QT prolongation compared to other mold-active azoles, better safety profile than voriconazole, and the possibility of using an intravenous formulation in the case of renal failure are the advantages of using isavuconazole in this setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8070674","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T03:16:06Z","timestamp":1656386166000},"page":"674","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Isavuconazole for COVID-19-Associated Invasive Mold Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Nadir","family":"Ullah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Sepulcri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5535-4602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Mikulska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30274-1","article-title":"Invasive aspergillosis in patients admitted to the intensive care unit with severe influenza: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Schauwvlieghe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arastehfar, A., Carvalho, A., Nguyen, M.H., Hedayati, M.T., Netea, M.G., Perlin, D.S., and Hoenigl, M. (2020). COVID-19-associated candidiasis (CAC): An underestimated complication in the absence of immunological predispositions?. J. Fungi, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6040211"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-020-00686-4","article-title":"COVID-19-associated invasive pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"10","author":"Rutsaert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00138-7","article-title":"COVID-19-associated Aspergillus tracheobronchitis: The interplay between viral tropism, host defence, and fungal invasion","volume":"9","author":"Vos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feys, S., Almyroudi, M.P., Braspenning, R., Lagrou, K., Spriet, I., Dimopoulos, G., and Wauters, J. (2021). A Visual and Comprehensive Review on COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis (CAPA). J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7121067"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofab510","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab510","article-title":"Coronavirus Disease 2019\u2013Associated Invasive Fungal Infection","volume":"8","author":"Baddley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2704.204895","article-title":"COVID-19\u2013associated pulmonary aspergillosis, March\u2013August 2020","volume":"27","author":"Sprute","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13096","article-title":"COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"63","author":"Koehler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.06.026","article-title":"Invasive pulmonary fusariosis in an immunocompetent critically ill patient with severe COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"Poignon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e405","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30312-3","article-title":"Global guideline for the diagnosis and management of mucormycosis: An initiative of the European Confederation of Medical Mycology in cooperation with the Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium","volume":"19","author":"Cornely","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zurl, C., Hoenigl, M., Schulz, E., Hatzl, S., Gorkiewicz, G., Krause, R., Eller, P., and Prattes, J. (2021). Autopsy proven pulmonary mucormycosis due to Rhizopus microsporus in a critically ill COVID-19 patient with underlying hematological malignancy. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7020088"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13335","article-title":"ECMM\/ISHAM recommendations for clinical management of COVID-19 associated mucormycosis in low-and middle-income countries","volume":"64","author":"Rudramurthy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoenigl, M., Seidel, D., Carvalho, A., Rudramurthy, S.M., Arastehfar, A., Gangneux, J.P., Nasir, N., Bonifaz, A., Araiza, J., and Klimko, N. (2022). The emergence of COVID-19 associated mucormycosis: A review of cases from 18 countries. Lancet Microbe, epub ahaead of print.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3844587"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2709.210934","article-title":"Multicenter epidemiologic study of coronavirus disease\u2013associated mucormycosis, India","volume":"27","author":"Patel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Divakar, P.K. (2021). Fungal taxa responsible for mucormycosis\/\u201cblack fungus\u201d among COVID-19 patients in India. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7080641"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.09.057","article-title":"Five probable factors responsible for the COVID-associated mucormycosis outbreak in India","volume":"112","author":"Ravindra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-021-00584-8","article-title":"Epidemiology and pathophysiology of COVID-19-associated mucormycosis: India versus the rest of the world","volume":"186","author":"Muthu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.05.019","article-title":"ESCMID-ECMM guideline: Diagnosis and management of invasive aspergillosis in neonates and children","volume":"25","author":"Warris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"79","article-title":"Isavuconazole in the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis infections","volume":"9","author":"Donnelley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01159-9","article-title":"Isavuconazole versus voriconazole for primary treatment of invasive mould disease caused by Aspergillus and other filamentous fungi (SECURE): A phase 3, randomised-controlled, non-inferiority trial","volume":"387","author":"Maertens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00071-2","article-title":"Isavuconazole treatment for mucormycosis: A single-arm open-label trial and case-control analysis","volume":"16","author":"Marty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.03.023","article-title":"Evaluation of the in vitro activity of isavuconazole and comparator voriconazole against 2635 contemporary clinical Candida and Aspergillus isolates","volume":"23","author":"Astvad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1038\/s41429-021-00431-4","article-title":"Antifungal susceptibilities of opportunistic filamentous fungal pathogens from the Asia and Western Pacific Region: Data from the SENTRY Antifungal Surveillance Program (2011\u20132019)","volume":"74","author":"Pfaller","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7735","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01919-15","article-title":"In vitro activity of isavuconazole and comparators against clinical isolates of the Mucorales order","volume":"59","author":"Arendrup","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6054","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01170-12","article-title":"In vitro antifungal activity of isavuconazole against Madurella mycetomatis","volume":"56","author":"Kloezen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2106.140717","article-title":"Prospective multicenter international surveillance of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"21","author":"Arendrup","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy859","article-title":"Voriconazole resistance and mortality in invasive aspergillosis: A multicenter retrospective cohort study","volume":"68","author":"Lestrade","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx354","article-title":"Isavuconazole susceptibility of clinical Aspergillus fumigatus isolates and feasibility of isavuconazole dose escalation to treat isolates with elevated MICs","volume":"73","author":"Buil","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00865-19","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00865-19","article-title":"Molecular identification, antifungal susceptibility testing, and mechanisms of azole resistance in Aspergillus species received within a surveillance program on antifungal resistance in Spain","volume":"63","author":"Medina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (2022, May 01). Breakpoint Tables for Interpretation of MICs for Antifungal Agents, Version 10.0, Available online: http:\/\/www.eucast.org\/astoffungi\/clinicalbreakpointsforantifungals\/."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.1.279-285.2006","article-title":"Single-ascending-dose pharmacokinetics and safety of the novel broad-spectrum antifungal triazole BAL4815 after intravenous infusions (50, 100, and 200 milligrams) and oral administrations (100, 200, and 400 milligrams) of its prodrug, BAL8557, in healthy volunteers","volume":"50","author":"Roos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.1.286-293.2006","article-title":"Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and safety of the new antifungal triazole BAL4815 after intravenous infusion and oral administration of its prodrug, BAL8557, in healthy volunteers","volume":"50","author":"Roos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04569-14","article-title":"Safety and pharmacokinetics of isavuconazole as antifungal prophylaxis in acute myeloid leukemia patients with neutropenia: Results of a phase 2, dose escalation study","volume":"59","author":"Cornely","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz050","article-title":"Isavuconazole brain penetration in cerebral aspergillosis","volume":"74","author":"Lamoth","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.5414\/CP202434","article-title":"Isavuconazole absorption following oral administration in healthy subjects is comparable to intravenous dosing, and is not affected by food, or drugs that alter stomach pH","volume":"54","author":"Desai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02474-18","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02474-18","article-title":"Isavuconazole diffusion in infected human brain","volume":"63","author":"Rouzaud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lahmer, T., Batres Baires, G., Schmid, R.M., Wiessner, J.R., Ulrich, J., Reichert, M., Huber, W., S\u00f6rgel, F., Kinzig, M., and Rasch, S. (2021). Penetration of Isavuconazole in Ascites Fluid of Critically Ill Patients. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7050376"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5483","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02819-15","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics of isavuconazole from phase 1 and phase 3 (SECURE) trials in adults and target attainment in patients with invasive infections due to Aspergillus and other filamentous fungi","volume":"60","author":"Desai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky463","article-title":"Variability and exposure\u2013response relationships of isavuconazole plasma concentrations in the Phase 3 SECURE trial of patients with invasive mould diseases","volume":"74","author":"Kaindl","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02942-15","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics of isavuconazole in subjects with mild or moderate hepatic impairment","volume":"60","author":"Desai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4885","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00319-09","article-title":"Effect of mild and moderate liver disease on the pharmacokinetics of isavuconazole after intravenous and oral administration of a single dose of the prodrug BAL8557","volume":"53","author":"Roos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4568","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00514-16","article-title":"Isavuconazole population pharmacokinetic analysis using nonparametric estimation in patients with invasive fungal disease (results from the VITAL study)","volume":"60","author":"Kovanda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1002\/cpdd.285","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic evaluation of CYP3A4-mediated drug-drug interactions of isavuconazole with rifampin, ketoconazole, midazolam, and ethinyl estradiol\/norethindrone in healthy adults","volume":"6","author":"Townsend","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Drug Dev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1002\/cpdd.280","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic interactions between isavuconazole and the drug transporter substrates atorvastatin, digoxin, metformin, and methotrexate in healthy subjects","volume":"6","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Drug Dev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101752","article-title":"Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis complicating SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia: A diagnostic challenge","volume":"38","author":"Antinori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13155","article-title":"Isolation of Aspergillus spp. in respiratory samples of patients with COVID-19 in a Spanish tertiary care hospital","volume":"63","author":"Maseda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gangneux, J.-P., Reizine, F., Guegan, H., Pinceaux, K., Le Balch, P., Prat, E., Pelletier, R., Belaz, S., Le Souhaitier, M., and Le Tulzo, Y. (2020). Is the COVID-19 pandemic a good time to include Aspergillus molecular detection to categorize aspergillosis in ICU patients? A monocentric experience. J. Fungi, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6030105"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06471-6","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 associated pulmonary apergillosis in critically ill patients: Results from a European confederation of medical mycology registry","volume":"47","author":"Prattes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00442-2","article-title":"Fungal infections in mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19 during the first wave: The French multicentre MYCOVID study","volume":"10","author":"Gangneux","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-021-00486-8","article-title":"Epidemiology and incidence of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) in a Greek tertiary care academic reference hospital","volume":"10","author":"Paramythiotou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13213","article-title":"Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in the COVID-19 era: An expected new entity","volume":"64","author":"Machado","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202009-3400OC","article-title":"Occurrence of invasive pulmonary fungal infections in patients with severe COVID-19 admitted to the ICU","volume":"203","author":"Fekkar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lahmer, T., Kriescher, S., Herner, A., Rothe, K., Spinner, C.D., Schneider, J., Mayer, U., Neuenhahn, M., Hoffmann, D., and Geisler, F. (2021). Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia: Results from the prospective AspCOVID-19 study. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238825"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-021-00564-y","article-title":"COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis at an Academic Medical Center in the Midwestern United States","volume":"186","author":"Wasylyshyn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13433","article-title":"COVID-19 Associated Aspergillosis in a Brazilian Referral Centre: Diagnosis, risk factors, and outcomes","volume":"65","author":"Watanabe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.07.001","article-title":"COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA)","volume":"1","author":"Dimopoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Intensive Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-021-03753-9","article-title":"Antifungal prophylaxis for prevention of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill patients: An observational study","volume":"25","author":"Hatzl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcab176","article-title":"COVID-19-associated rhino-orbital mucormycosis: A single-centre experience of 10 cases","volume":"114","author":"Arjun","year":"2021","journal-title":"QJM Int. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100510","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.23.2100510","article-title":"Case series of four secondary mucormycosis infections in COVID-19 patients, the Netherlands, December 2020 to May 2021","volume":"26","author":"Buil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofab566","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab566","article-title":"Coronavirus Disease 2019-Associated Mucormycosis in France: A Rare but Deadly Complication","volume":"9","author":"Danion","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13379","article-title":"Results from a national survey on COVID-19-associated mucormycosis in Germany: 13 patients from six tertiary hospitals","volume":"65","author":"Seidel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12924","article-title":"Isavuconazole to prevent invasive fungal infection in immunocompromised adults: Initial experience at an academic medical centre","volume":"62","author":"Bowen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz282","article-title":"Isavuconazole prophylaxis in patients with hematologic malignancies and hematopoietic cell transplant recipients","volume":"70","author":"Fontana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"1610","article-title":"Breakthrough fungal infections in patients with leukemia receiving isavuconazole","volume":"67","author":"Rausch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa358","article-title":"Isavuconazole as primary antifungal prophylaxis in patients with acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome: An open-label, prospective, phase 2 study","volume":"72","author":"Bose","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2020.02.009","article-title":"A single-center, open-label trial of isavuconazole prophylaxis against invasive fungal infection in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation","volume":"26","author":"Stern","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13469","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.13469","article-title":"Isavuconazole for the prophylaxis and treatment of invasive fungal disease: A single-center experience","volume":"23","author":"Vu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy260","article-title":"Breakthrough invasive fungal infections on isavuconazole prophylaxis and treatment: What is happening in the real-world setting?","volume":"67","author":"Fung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa652","article-title":"Isavuconazole is as effective as and better tolerated than voriconazole for antifungal prophylaxis in lung transplant recipients","volume":"73","author":"Samanta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00515","article-title":"Molecular detection of azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus in clinical samples","volume":"9","author":"Buil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1177\/1078155216664201","article-title":"Potential drug\u2013drug interactions in hospitalised haematological patients","volume":"23","author":"Salinas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Oncol. Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06449-4","article-title":"Taskforce report on the diagnosis and clinical management of COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"47","author":"Verweij","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01034-17","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01034-17","article-title":"Exposure-response relationships for isavuconazole in patients with invasive aspergillosis and other filamentous fungi","volume":"61","author":"Desai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00585-18","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00585-18","article-title":"Isavuconazole concentration in real-world practice: Consistency with results from clinical trials","volume":"62","author":"Andes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myaa022","article-title":"Lessons from isavuconazole therapeutic drug monitoring at a United Kingdom Reference Center","volume":"58","author":"Borman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz188","article-title":"Serial monitoring of isavuconazole blood levels during prolonged antifungal therapy","volume":"74","author":"Furfaro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-021-00583-9","article-title":"Clinical Considerations of Isavuconazole Administration in High-Risk Hematological Patients: A Single-Center 5-Year Experience","volume":"186","author":"Kronig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13122099","article-title":"Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamic Target Attainment of Isavuconazole against Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus in Adult Patients with Invasive Fungal Diseases: Should Therapeutic Drug Monitoring for Isavuconazole Be Considered as Mandatory as for the Other Mold-Active Azoles?","volume":"13","author":"Cojutti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01511","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01511-20","article-title":"Isavuconazole therapeutic drug monitoring during long-term treatment for chronic pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"65","author":"Kosmidis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Risum, M., Vestergaard, M.-B., Weinreich, U.M., Helleberg, M., Vissing, N.H., and J\u00f8rgensen, R. (2021). Therapeutic drug monitoring of isavuconazole: Serum concentration variability and success rates for reaching target in comparison with voriconazole. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10050487"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zurl, C., Waller, M., Schwameis, F., Muhr, T., Bauer, N., Zollner-Schwetz, I., Valentin, T., Meinitzer, A., Ullrich, E., and Wunsch, S. (2020). Isavuconazole treatment in a mixed patient cohort with invasive fungal infections: Outcome, tolerability and clinical implications of isavuconazole plasma concentrations. J. Fungi, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6020090"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3023","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa274","article-title":"Achievement of clinical isavuconazole blood concentrations in transplant recipients with isavuconazonium sulphate capsules administered via enteral feeding tube","volume":"75","author":"McCreary","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0000000000000524","article-title":"Validation of an isavuconazole high-performance liquid chromatography assay in plasma for routine therapeutic drug monitoring applications","volume":"40","author":"Mueller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01643-18","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01643-18","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of intravenous isavuconazole in solid-organ transplant recipients","volume":"62","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2348","article-title":"Altered pharmacokinetics and dosing of liposomal amphotericin B and isavuconazole during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation","volume":"40","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacother. J. Hum. Pharmacol. Drug Ther."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, M., Kludjian, G., Mohrien, K., and Morita, K. (2022). Decreased isavuconazole trough concentrations in the treatment of invasive aspergillosis in an adult patient receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Am. J. Health-Syst. Pharm., zxac043.","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/zxac043"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2021.1962292","article-title":"Pharmacological management of antifungal agents in pulmonary aspergillosis: An updated review","volume":"20","author":"Carballo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450121999201202110303","article-title":"Remdesivir (GS-5734) in COVID-19 therapy: The fourth chance","volume":"22","author":"Moirangthem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-021-00984-5","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and drug-interaction profile of remdesivir, a SARS-CoV-2 replication inhibitor","volume":"60","author":"Humeniuk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"18","article-title":"Outpatient Treatment Options for Acute COVID-19","volume":"47","author":"Brooks","year":"2022","journal-title":"US Pharm."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/cpdd.282","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic interaction between isavuconazole and a fixed-dose combination of lopinavir 400 mg\/ritonavir 100 mg in healthy subjects","volume":"6","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Drug Dev."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Cresemba (2022, May 01). Summary of Product Characteristics. Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/product-information\/cresemba-epar-product-information_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"(2022, May 01). Emergency Use Authorization for Paxlovid TM 12\/2021, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/155050\/download."}],"container-title":["Journal of Fungi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/8\/7\/674\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:39:23Z","timestamp":1760139563000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/8\/7\/674"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jof8070674"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof8070674","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-608X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2309-608X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]}}}