{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T17:07:05Z","timestamp":1792516025382,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Higher Education Commission (HEC), Pakistan","award":["9739\/Federal\/ NRPU\/R&D\/HEC\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9739\/Federal\/ NRPU\/R&D\/HEC\/2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the main pulse crops of Pakistan. The yield of chickpea is affected by a variety of biotic and abiotic factors. Due to their environmentally friendly nature, different nanoparticles are being synthesized and applied to economically important crops. In the present study, Trichoderma harzianum has been used as a stabilizing and reducing agent for the mycosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). Before their application to control Fusarium wilt of chickpea, synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the average size (13 nm) of ZnO NPs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated their spherical structure, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) confirmed the oxide formation of ZnO NPs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) described the size and shape of nanoparticles, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy displayed the presence of reducing and stabilizing chemical compounds (alcohol, carboxylic acid, amines, and alkyl halide). Successfully characterized ZnO NPs exhibited significant mycelial growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum, in vitro. In a greenhouse pot experiment, the priming of chickpea seeds with ZnO NPs significantly increased the antioxidant activity of germinated plants and they displayed 90% less disease incidence than the control. Seed priming with ZnO NPs helped plants to accumulate higher quantities of sugars, phenol, total proteins, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) to create resistance against wilt pathogen. These nanofungicides were produced in powder form and they can easily be transferred and used in the field to control Fusarium wilt of chickpea.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8070753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T10:36:56Z","timestamp":1658399816000},"page":"753","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["ZnO Nanoparticle-Mediated Seed Priming Induces Biochemical and Antioxidant Changes in Chickpea to Alleviate Fusarium Wilt"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"family":"Farhana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6897-2012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Farooq Hussain","family":"Munis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3043-2093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalid H.","family":"Alamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science and Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashwaq T.","family":"Althobaiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asif","family":"Kamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiza","family":"Liaquat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gawanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Urooj","family":"Haroon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junaid","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan Javed","family":"Chaudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4689-6186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Houneida","family":"Attia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615718","DOI":"10.1080\/23311932.2019.1615718","article-title":"Economic importance of chickpea: Production, value, and world trade","volume":"5","author":"Merga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cogent Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12878","article-title":"Chickpea protein ingredients: A review of composition, functionality, and applications","volume":"21","author":"Grasso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. 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