{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:01:17Z","timestamp":1790791277463,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":247,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]],"date-time":"2022-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Germination of conidia is an essential process within the Aspergillus life cycle and plays a major role during the infection of hosts. Conidia are able to avoid detection by the majority of leukocytes when dormant. Germination can cause severe health problems, specifically in immunocompromised people. Aspergillosis is most often caused by Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) and affects neutropenic patients, as well as people with cystic fibrosis (CF). These patients are often unable to effectively detect and clear the conidia or hyphae and can develop chronic non-invasive and\/or invasive infections or allergic inflammatory responses. Current treatments with (tri)azoles can be very effective to combat a variety of fungal infections. However, resistance against current azoles has emerged and has been increasing since 1998. As a consequence, patients infected with resistant A. fumigatus have a reported mortality rate of 88% to 100%. Especially with the growing number of patients that harbor azole-resistant Aspergilli, novel antifungals could provide an alternative. Aspergilloses differ in defining characteristics, but germination of conidia is one of the few common denominators. By specifically targeting conidial germination with novel antifungals, early intervention might be possible. In this review, we propose several morphotypes to disrupt conidial germination, as well as potential targets. Hopefully, new antifungals against such targets could contribute to disturbing the ability of Aspergilli to germinate and grow, resulting in a decreased fungal burden on patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8080758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]],"date-time":"2022-07-22T12:53:45Z","timestamp":1658494425000},"page":"758","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Novel Treatment Approach for Aspergilloses by Targeting Germination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5445-8154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kim","family":"Verburg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2301-3029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacq","family":"van Neer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3527-6328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margherita","family":"Duca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8420-6764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans","family":"de Cock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2015.10.004","article-title":"The Global Burden of Fungal Diseases","volume":"30","author":"Vallabhaneni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165rv13","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004404","article-title":"Hidden Killers: Human Fungal Infections","volume":"4","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S219","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myy076","article-title":"Pathophysiological Aspects of Aspergillus Colonization in Disease","volume":"57","author":"Gago","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2015.10.015","article-title":"Invasive Aspergillosis Current Strategies for Diagnosis and Management","volume":"30","author":"Cadena","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir179","article-title":"High-Frequency Triazole Resistance Found In Nonculturable Aspergillus Fumigatus from Lungs of Patients with Chronic Fungal Disease","volume":"52","author":"Denning","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e171312","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2408.171312","article-title":"Case Definition of Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Resource-Constrained Settings","volume":"24","author":"Denning","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00055-08","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Aspergillus Fumigatus in Invasive Aspergillosis","volume":"22","author":"Dagenais","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwon-Chung, K.J., and Sugui, J.A. (2013). Aspergillus Fumigatus\u2014What Makes the Species a Ubiquitous Human Fungal Pathogen?. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003743"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3633","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01582-14","article-title":"Cryptic and Rare Aspergillus Species in Brazil: Prevalence in Clinical Samples and In Vitro Susceptibility to Triazoles","volume":"52","author":"Negri","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01656","article-title":"Aspergillus Species and Antifungals Susceptibility in Clinical Setting in the North of Portugal: Cryptic Species and Emerging Azoles Resistance in A. Fumigatus","volume":"9","author":"Pinto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rozaliyani, A., Abdullah, A., Setianingrum, F., Sjamsuridzal, W., Wahyuningsih, R., Bowolaksono, A., Fatril, A.E., Adawiyah, R., Tugiran, M., and Syam, R. (2022). Unravelling the Molecular Identification and Antifungal Susceptibility Profiles of Aspergillus Spp. Isolated from Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis Patients in Jakarta, Indonesia: The Emergence of Cryptic Species. J. Fungi, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8040411"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13158","article-title":"Rare\/Cryptic Aspergillus Species Infections and Importance of Antifungal Susceptibility Testing","volume":"63","author":"Tsang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680884","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.680884","article-title":"A 20-Year Antifungal Susceptibility Surveillance (from 1999 to 2019) for Aspergillus spp. and Proposed Epidemiological Cutoff Values for Aspergillus Fumigatus and Aspergillus Flavus: A Study in a Tertiary Hospital in China","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2018.05.008","article-title":"Aspergillus Species and Mycotoxins: Occurrence and Importance in Major Food Commodities","volume":"23","author":"Taniwaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nazhand, A., Durazzo, A., Lucarini, M., Souto, E.B., and Santini, A. (2020). Characteristics, Occurrence, Detection and Detoxification of Aflatoxins in Foods and Feeds. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9050644"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901388","article-title":"Global Burden of Aflatoxin-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Risk Assessment","volume":"118","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health Persp."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6655","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.102167699","article-title":"The Aflatoxin B1 Formamidopyrimidine Adduct Plays a Major Role in Causing the Types of Mutations Observed in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"99","author":"Smela","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong, S.S.W., and Aimanianda, V. (2017). Host Soluble Mediators: Defying the Immunological Inertness of Aspergillus Fumigatus Conidia. J. Fungi, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof4010003"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.2.310","article-title":"Aspergillus Fumigatus and Aspergillosis","volume":"12","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s40694-020-00107-y","article-title":"The Fungal Sexual Revolution Continues: Discovery of Sexual Development in Members of the Genus Aspergillus and Its Consequences","volume":"7","author":"Ellena","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fungal Biol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3114\/sim0006","article-title":"Development in Aspergillus","volume":"74","author":"Krijgsheld","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stud. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07528","article-title":"Discovery of a Sexual Cycle in the Opportunistic Fungal Pathogen Aspergillus Fumigatus","volume":"457","author":"Fuller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00005-10","article-title":"The Evolution of Sex: A Perspective from the Fungal Kingdom","volume":"74","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simyco.2018.10.002","article-title":"Evolution of Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in the Aspergilli","volume":"91","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stud. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"248","article-title":"Aspergillus Collected in Specific Indoor Settings: Their Molecular Identification and Susceptibility Pattern","volume":"31","author":"Caetano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Health Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1159\/000060303","article-title":"Host Defense Mechanism in Aspergillus Fumigatus Infections","volume":"2","author":"Schneemann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Contrib. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baltussen, T.J.H., Zoll, J., Verweij, P.E., and Melchers, W.J.G. (2019). Molecular Mechanisms of Conidial Germination in Aspergillus spp. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 84.","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00049-19"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funbio.2020.11.004","article-title":"Minimal Nutrient Requirements for Induction of Germination of Aspergillus Niger Conidia","volume":"125","author":"Ijadpanahsaravi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fungal Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myaa014","article-title":"Cathelicidin-Inspired Antimicrobial Peptides as Novel Antifungal Compounds","volume":"58","author":"Boerefijn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12589","article-title":"Characterization of Patients with Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis according to the New ESCMID\/ERS\/ECMM and IDSA Guidelines","volume":"60","author":"Salzer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bongomin, F., Gago, S., Oladele, R., and Denning, D. (2017). Global and Multi-National Prevalence of Fungal Diseases\u2014Estimate Precision. J. Fungi, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof3040057"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.11.089441","article-title":"Global Burden of Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis as a Sequel to Pulmonary Tuberculosis","volume":"89","author":"Denning","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armstead, J., Morris, J., and Denning, D.W. (2014). Multi-Country Estimate of Different Manifestations of Aspergillosis in Cystic Fibrosis. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098502"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1586\/17476348.2014.915751","article-title":"What Is the Importance of Classifying Aspergillus Disease in Cystic Fibrosis Patients?","volume":"8","author":"Jones","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Resp. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.04.022","article-title":"Aspergillus Infections in Cystic Fibrosis","volume":"72","author":"King","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2014.10.005","article-title":"Molecular Epidemiology of Aspergillus Collected from Cystic Fibrosis Patients","volume":"14","author":"Sabino","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cyst. Fibros."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00372","article-title":"CFTR Modulators Dampen Aspergillus-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species Production by Cystic Fibrosis Phagocytes","volume":"10","author":"Currie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myv119","article-title":"Chronic Aspergillus Fumigatus Colonization of the Pediatric Cystic Fibrosis Airway Is Common and May Be Associated with a More Rapid Decline in Lung Function","volume":"54","author":"Saunders","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oosthuizen, J.L., Gomez, P., Ruan, J., Hackett, T.L., Moore, M.M., Knight, D.A., and Tebbutt, S.J. (2011). Dual Organism Transcriptomics of Airway Epithelial Cells Interacting with Conidia of Aspergillus Fumigatus. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020527"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01955","article-title":"Phagolysosomal Survival Enables Non-Lytic Hyphal Escape and Ramification Through Lung Epithelium During Aspergillus Fumigatus Infection","volume":"11","author":"Seidel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199903000-00003","article-title":"Invasive Aspergillosis in Transplant Recipients","volume":"78","author":"Paterson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17096","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17000-1","article-title":"Modulation of Immune Signaling and Metabolism Highlights Host and Fungal Transcriptional Responses in Mouse Models of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis","volume":"7","author":"Kale","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i5","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx028","article-title":"Changes in the Epidemiological Landscape of Invasive Mould Infections and Disease","volume":"72","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemoth."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2009.03.001","article-title":"Fungal Infections in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Solid-Organ Transplantation\u2014Focus on Aspergillosis","volume":"30","author":"Nucci","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Chest Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06829.x","article-title":"Risk Stratification for Invasive Aspergillosis in Immunocompromised Patients","volume":"1272","author":"Herbrecht","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2403674","article-title":"Risk Factors for Invasive Aspergillosis in Neutropenic Patients with Hematologic Malignancies","volume":"19","author":"Wenger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2014-206291","article-title":"The Clinical Spectrum of Pulmonary Aspergillosis","volume":"70","author":"Kosmidis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomez, P., Hackett, T.L., Moore, M.M., Knight, D.A., and Tebbutt, S.J. (2010). Functional Genomics of Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells Directly Interacting with Conidia of Aspergillus Fumigatus. BMC Genom., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-11-358"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5186","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.8.5186","article-title":"Aspergillus Fumigatus Generates an Enhanced Th2-Biased Immune Response in Mice with Defective Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator","volume":"177","author":"Allard","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02346","article-title":"Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis\u2013A Luminal Hypereosinophilic Disease With Extracellular Trap Cell Death","volume":"9","author":"Ueki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01041","article-title":"Bronchial Epithelial Cells on the Front Line to Fight Lung Infection-Causing Aspergillus Fumigatus","volume":"11","author":"Bigot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.00329","article-title":"Aspergillus Fumigatus Conidia Survive and Germinate in Acidic Organelles of A549 Epithelial Cells","volume":"116","author":"Wasylnka","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.12.002","article-title":"Aspergillus Cell Wall Melanin Blocks LC3-Associated Phagocytosis to Promote Pathogenicity","volume":"19","author":"Akoumianaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"96","article-title":"Conidial Dihydroxynaphthalene Melanin of the Human Pathogenic Fungus Aspergillus Fumigatus Interferes with the Host Endocytosis Pathway","volume":"2","author":"Heinekamp","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23618","article-title":"Aspergillosis and the Role of Mucins in Cystic Fibrosis","volume":"52","author":"Cowley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulm."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paed.2011.05.011","article-title":"Mucociliary Clearance in Cystic Fibrosis: Physiology and Pharmacological Treatments","volume":"21","author":"Treacy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1086\/514157","article-title":"Aspergillus Fumigatus Conidia Induce a Th1-Type Cytokine Response","volume":"176","author":"Grazziutti","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.09.004","article-title":"COVID-19 Associated with Pulmonary Aspergillosis: A Literature Review","volume":"54","author":"Lai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2021.105865","article-title":"Post COVID-19 Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis: A Case Report","volume":"82","author":"Kakamad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002554","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02554-2020","article-title":"Confronting and Mitigating the Risk of COVID-19 Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis","volume":"56","author":"Youngs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-020-00686-4","article-title":"COVID-19-Associated Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis","volume":"10","author":"Rutsaert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2015.10.012","article-title":"Antifungal Agents Spectrum of Activity, Pharmacology, and Clinical Indications","volume":"30","author":"Nett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2018.11.012","article-title":"Prevalence and Diversity of Filamentous Fungi in the Airways of Cystic Fibrosis Patients\u2014A Dutch, Multicentre Study","volume":"18","author":"Engel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cyst. Fibros."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.11.027","article-title":"Triazole Resistance in Aspergillus Fumigatus: Recent Insights and Challenges for Patient Management","volume":"25","author":"Lestrade","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ885","article-title":"Azole Resistance in Aspergillus Fumigatus: Can We Retain the Clinical Use of Mold-Active Antifungal Azoles?","volume":"62","author":"Verweij","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03202-19","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.03202-19","article-title":"Reducing Aspergillus Fumigatus Virulence through Targeted Dysregulation of the Conidiation Pathway","volume":"11","author":"Stewart","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mbio"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bahn, Y.-S. (2015). Exploiting Fungal Virulence-Regulating Transcription Factors As Novel Antifungal Drug Targets. PLoS Pathog., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004936"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H., Xu, W., Bruno, V.M., Phan, Q.T., Solis, N.V., Woolford, C.A., Ehrlich, R.L., Shetty, A.C., McCraken, C., and Lin, J. (2021). Determining Aspergillus Fumigatus Transcription Factor Expression and Function during Invasion of the Mammalian Lung. PLoS Pathog., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009235"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.10.011","article-title":"The Role of AtfA and HOG MAPK Pathway in Stress Tolerance in Conidia of Aspergillus Fumigatus","volume":"73","author":"Hagiwara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fungal Genet. Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2020.145042","article-title":"Allicin Reduces Inflammation by Regulating ROS\/NLRP3 and Autophagy in the Context of A. Fumigatus Infection in Mice","volume":"762","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baltussen, T.J.H., Coolen, J.P.M., Verweij, P.E., Dijksterhuis, J., and Melchers, W.J.G. (2021). Identifying Conserved Generic Aspergillus Spp. Co-Expressed Gene Modules Associated with Germination Using Cross-Platform and Cross-Species Transcriptomics. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7040270"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2021.03.001","article-title":"Recent Trends in the Epidemiology of Fungal Infections","volume":"35","author":"Seagle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ronchetti, S., Ricci, E., Migliorati, G., Gentili, M., and Riccardi, C. (2018). How Glucocorticoids Affect the Neutrophil Life. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19124090"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simyco.2021.100115","article-title":"Aspergillus Fumigatus and Aspergillosis: From Basics to Clinics","volume":"100","author":"Arastehfar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stud. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e357","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30309-2","article-title":"Pulmonary and Sinus Fungal Diseases in Non-Immunocompromised Patients","volume":"17","author":"Denning","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2015.07.009","article-title":"Genetic Disorders Coupled to ROS Deficiency","volume":"6","author":"Brault","year":"2015","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2019.104021","article-title":"Raw Genome Sequence Data for 13 Isogenic Aspergillus Fumigatus Strains Isolated over a 2 Year Period from a Patient with Chronic Granulomatous Disease","volume":"25","author":"Ballard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Data Brief"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxr046","article-title":"Dectin-1 and Dectin-2 in Innate Immunity against Fungi","volume":"23","author":"Saijo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00038","article-title":"Aspergillus Fumigatus Infection in Humans With STAT3-Deficiency Is Associated With Defective Interferon-Gamma and Th17 Responses","volume":"11","author":"Danion","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.90","article-title":"Aspergillus Fumigatus Morphology and Dynamic Host Interactions","volume":"15","author":"Gresnigt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Bennett, J.W. (2010). An Overview of the Genus Aspergillus. Aspergillus: Molecular Biology and Genomics, Caister Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780600779419","article-title":"Aspergillus Fumigatus: Growth and Virulence","volume":"44","author":"Rhodes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01557-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01557-18","article-title":"Proteome Analysis Reveals the Conidial Surface Protein CcpA Essential for Virulence of the Pathogenic Fungus Aspergillus Fumigatus","volume":"9","author":"Voltersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mbio"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00438","article-title":"Hide, Keep Quiet, and Keep Low: Properties That Make Aspergillus Fumigatus a Successful Lung Pathogen","volume":"7","author":"Escobar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300748","article-title":"The RodA Hydrophobin on Aspergillus Fumigatus Spores Masks Dectin-1\u2013 and Dectin-2\u2013Dependent Responses and Enhances Fungal Survival In Vivo","volume":"191","author":"Carrion","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08264","article-title":"Surface Hydrophobin Prevents Immune Recognition of Airborne Fungal Spores","volume":"460","author":"Aimanianda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcsw.2019.100023","article-title":"Assembly and Disassembly of Aspergillus Fumigatus Conidial Rodlets","volume":"5","author":"Valsecchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Surf."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valsecchi, I., Dupres, V., Stephen-Victor, E., Guijarro, J.I., Gibbons, J., Beau, R., Bayry, J., Coppee, J.-Y., Lafont, F., and Latg\u00e9, J.-P. (2017). Role of Hydrophobins in Aspergillus Fumigatus. J. Fungi, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof4010002"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pihet, M., Vandeputte, P., Tronchin, G., Renier, G., Saulnier, P., Georgeault, S., Mallet, R., Chabasse, D., Symoens, F., and Bouchara, J.-P. (2009). Melanin Is an Essential Component for the Integrity of the Cell Wall of Aspergillus Fumigatus Conidia. BMC Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-9-177"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2010.04.006","article-title":"Cell Wall A1-3glucans Induce the Aggregation of Germinating Conidia of Aspergillus Fumigatus","volume":"47","author":"Fontaine","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fungal Genet. Biol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6346","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26749-z","article-title":"A Molecular Vision of Fungal Cell Wall Organization by Functional Genomics and Solid-State NMR","volume":"12","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv191","article-title":"Identification of Aspergillus Fumigatus Surface Components That Mediate Interaction of Conidia and Hyphae With Human Platelets","volume":"212","author":"Rambach","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00440","article-title":"Aspergillus Fumigatus Melanins: Interference with the Host Endocytosis Pathway and Impact on Virulence","volume":"3","author":"Heinekamp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micron.2007.08.003","article-title":"Structural Analysis of Hydrophobins","volume":"39","author":"Sunde","year":"2008","journal-title":"Micron"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25974","article-title":"Recognition of DHN-Melanin by a C-Type Lectin Receptor Is Required for Immunity to Aspergillus","volume":"555","author":"Stappers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534118","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.534118","article-title":"de EphA2-Dependent Internalization of A. Fumigatus Conidia in A549 Lung Cells Is Modulated by DHN-Melanin","volume":"11","author":"Keizer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hagiwara, D., Takahashi, H., Kusuya, Y., Kawamoto, S., Kamei, K., and Gonoi, T. (2016). Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Revealing Dormant Conidia and Germination Associated Genes in Aspergillus Species: An Essential Role for AtfA in Conidial Dormancy. BMC Genom., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-016-2689-z"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sugui, J.A., Kim, H.S., Zarember, K.A., Chang, Y.C., Gallin, J.I., Nierman, W.C., and Kwon-Chung, K.J. (2008). Genes Differentially Expressed in Conidia and Hyphae of Aspergillus Fumigatus upon Exposure to Human Neutrophils. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002655"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2015.02.005","article-title":"Resistance Is Not Futile: Gliotoxin Biosynthesis, Functionality and Utility","volume":"23","author":"Dolan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12354","article-title":"Pattern Recognition Pathways Leading to a Th2 Cytokine Bias in Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis Patients","volume":"45","author":"Becker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.09.022","article-title":"Eosinophils and Eosinophil-Associated Diseases: An Update","volume":"141","author":"Bochner","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curran, A.K., and Hava, D.L. (2021). Allergic Diseases Caused by Aspergillus Species in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10040357"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13557","article-title":"Clinical Relevance of Aspergillus Fumigatus Sensitization in Cystic Fibrosis","volume":"50","author":"Eickmeier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1003593","article-title":"Human NK Cells Display Important Antifungal Activity against Aspergillus Fumigatus, Which Is Directly Mediated by IFN-\u03b3 Release","volume":"187","author":"Bouzani","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2015.02.007","article-title":"B Cells Responses and Cytokine Production Are Regulated by Their Immune Microenvironment","volume":"74","author":"Vazquez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-021-00624-4","article-title":"Pulmonary Eosinophilia May Indicate Onset Stage of Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis","volume":"17","author":"Miki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin. Immunol. Off. J. Can. Soc."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200908-086AL","article-title":"Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis","volume":"7","author":"Patterson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.4.2353-2365.2006","article-title":"Functional Genomics of Innate Host Defense Molecules in Normal Human Monocytes in Response to Aspergillus Fumigatus","volume":"74","author":"Cortez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2017.00139","article-title":"Interleukin-13 in Asthma and Other Eosinophilic Disorders","volume":"4","author":"Doran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2018.00049","article-title":"Targeting the Interleukin-5 Pathway for Treatment of Eosinophilic Conditions Other than Asthma","volume":"5","author":"Roufosse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.23822\/EurAnnACI.1764-1489.121","article-title":"Prevalence of Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis in Cystic Fibrosis Patients Using Two Different Diagnostic Criteria","volume":"52","author":"Maleki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Ann. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3700379","article-title":"Enhanced IgE Allergic Response to Aspergillus Fumigatus in CFTR\u2212\/\u2212 Mice","volume":"86","author":"Braag","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12141","article-title":"Complicating asthma I. working Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis: Review of Literature and Proposal of New Diagnostic and Classification Criteria","volume":"43","author":"Agarwal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2012.07.003","article-title":"Innate Immunity in Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease","volume":"11","author":"Hartl","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cyst. Fibros."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-021-02049-z","article-title":"Demographic Characteristics, Clinical and Laboratory Features, and the Distribution of Pathogenic Variants in the CFTR Gene in the Cypriot Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Population Demonstrate the Utility of a National CF Patient Registry","volume":"16","author":"Yiallouros","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7764","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.11.7764","article-title":"Innate Immunity Mediated by TLR5 as a Novel Antiinflammatory Target for Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease","volume":"180","author":"Blohmke","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-021-00541-5","article-title":"CF Fungal Disease in the Age of CFTR Modulators","volume":"186","author":"Bercusson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(12)70057-7","article-title":"A New Era in the Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis: Correction of the Underlying CFTR Defect","volume":"1","author":"Boyle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wat, D., and Nazareth, D. (2020). Overview of CFTR Modulators and Gene Therapy. Cystic Fibrosis\u2014Heterogeneity and Personalized Treatment, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.77691"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-020-00382-7","article-title":"Sixty Years of Amphotericin B: An Overview of the Main Antifungal Agent Used to Treat Invasive Fungal Infections","volume":"10","author":"Cavassin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3623","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.8.3623-3626.2003","article-title":"Activities of Caspofungin, Itraconazole, Posaconazole, Ravuconazole, Voriconazole, and Amphotericin B against 448 Recent Clinical Isolates of Filamentous Fungi","volume":"41","author":"Diekema","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2648","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.7.2648-2650.2002","article-title":"Nationwide Survey of In Vitro Activities of Itraconazole and Voriconazole against Clinical Aspergillus Fumigatus Isolates Cultured between 1945 and 1998","volume":"40","author":"Verweij","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1086\/367933","article-title":"Voriconazole: A New Triazole Antifungal Agent","volume":"36","author":"Saravolatz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1086\/523576","article-title":"Posaconazole: A Broad-Spectrum Triazole Antifungal Agent","volume":"45","author":"Nagappan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3001","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.9.3001-3012.2002","article-title":"The Antifungal Echinocandin Caspofungin Acetate Kills Growing Cells of Aspergillus Fumigatus In Vitro","volume":"46","author":"Bowman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2006.03.003","article-title":"Micafungin (FK463), Alone or in Combination with Other Systemic Antifungal Agents, for the Treatment of Acute Invasive Aspergillosis","volume":"53","author":"Denning","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vahedi-Shahandashti, R., and Lass-Fl\u00f6rl, C. (2020). Novel Antifungal Agents and Their Activity against Aspergillus Species. J. Fungi, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6040213"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02573","article-title":"Fungal Cell Wall: Emerging Antifungals and Drug Resistance","volume":"10","author":"Lima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70265-8","article-title":"Azole Resistance in Aspergillus Fumigatus: A Side-Effect of Environmental Fungicide Use?","volume":"9","author":"Verweij","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snelders, E., van der Lee, H.A.L., Kuijpers, J., Rijs, A.J.M.M., Varga, J., Samson, R.A., Mellado, E., Donders, A.R.T., Melchers, W.J.G., and Verweij, P.E. (2008). Emergence of Azole Resistance in Aspergillus Fumigatus and Spread of a Single Resistance Mechanism. PLoS Med., 5.","DOI":"10.4016\/8254.01"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki399","article-title":"In Vitro Activity of a New Triazole BAL4815, the Active Component of BAL8557 (the Water-Soluble Prodrug), against Aspergillus spp","volume":"57","author":"Warn","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemoth."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028015581679","article-title":"Isavuconazole","volume":"49","author":"Pettit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellsworth, M., and Ostrosky-Zeichner, L. (2020). Isavuconazole: Mechanism of Action, Clinical Efficacy, and Resistance. J. Fungi, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6040324"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1507.090043","article-title":"Frequency and Evolution of Azole Resistance in Aspergillus Fumigatus Associated with Treatment Failure1","volume":"15","author":"Howard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.3.1120-1124.2003","article-title":"A Point Mutation in the 14\u03b1-Sterol Demethylase Gene Cyp51A Contributes to Itraconazole Resistance in Aspergillus Fumigatus","volume":"47","author":"Mellado","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2747","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.7.2747-2750.2004","article-title":"Substitutions at Methionine 220 in the 14\u03b1-Sterol Demethylase (Cyp51A) of Aspergillus Fumigatus Are Responsible for Resistance In Vitro to Azole Antifungal Drugs","volume":"48","author":"Mellado","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Jimenez, I., Lucio, J., Amich, J., Cuesta, I., Arroyo, R.S., Alcazar-Fuoli, L., and Mellado, E. (2020). A Cyp51B Mutation Contributes to Azole Resistance in Aspergillus Fumigatus. J. Fungi, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6040315"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2019.05.005","article-title":"Recreation of In-Host Acquired Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms by CRISPR-Cas9 Reveals an Uncharacterised Gene Playing a Role in Aspergillus Fumigatus Azole Resistance via a Non-Cyp51A Mediated Resistance Mechanism","volume":"130","author":"Ballard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fungal Genet. Biol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2019.103265","article-title":"Genomic Perspective of Triazole Resistance in Clinical and Environmental Aspergillus Fumigatus Isolates without Cyp51A Mutations","volume":"132","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fungal Genet. Biol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-14191-1","article-title":"The Negative Cofactor 2 Complex Is a Key Regulator of Drug Resistance in Aspergillus Fumigatus","volume":"11","author":"Furukawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2011.08.002","article-title":"The Structure\u2013Function Relationship of the Aspergillus Fumigatus Cyp51A L98H Conversion by Site-Directed Mutagenesis: The Mechanism of L98H Azole Resistance","volume":"48","author":"Snelders","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fungal Genet. Biol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2013.02.010","article-title":"Azole Resistant Aspergillus Fumigatus: An Emerging Problem","volume":"43","author":"Groh","year":"2013","journal-title":"M\u00e9d. Mal. Infect."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7866","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01594-15","article-title":"Fitness Studies of Azole-Resistant Strains of Aspergillus Fumigatus","volume":"59","author":"Valsecchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2012.06.030","article-title":"In Vitro\u2013In Vivo Correlation of Voriconazole Resistance Due to G448S Mutation (Cyp51A Gene) in Aspergillus Fumigatus","volume":"74","author":"Natesan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01091-2","article-title":"Population Genomics Confirms Acquisition of Drug-Resistant Aspergillus Fumigatus Infection by Humans from the Environment","volume":"7","author":"Rhodes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S882","article-title":"Anidulafungin in the Treatment of Invasive Fungal Infections","volume":"4","author":"Sabol","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780802545600","article-title":"Multiple-Azole-Resistant Aspergillus Fumigatus Osteomyelitis in a Patient with Chronic Granulomatous Disease Successfully Treated with Long-Term Oral Posaconazole and Surgery","volume":"47","author":"Hodiamont","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit320","article-title":"Aspergillosis Due to Voriconazole Highly Resistant Aspergillus Fumigatus and Recovery of Genetically Related Resistant Isolates From Domiciles","volume":"57","author":"Camps","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.05.004","article-title":"Occurrence of Azole-Resistant Species of Aspergillus in the UK Environment","volume":"2","author":"Bromley","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2018.10.017","article-title":"Azole-Resistant Aspergillus Fumigatus in the Italian Environment","volume":"16","author":"Prigitano","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chowdhary, A., Kathuria, S., Xu, J., and Meis, J.F. (2013). Emergence of Azole-Resistant Aspergillus Fumigatus Strains Due to Agricultural Azole Use Creates an Increasing Threat to Human Health. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/4ffcf1da-b180-4149-834c-9c723c5dbf9b"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2507.181625","article-title":"Environmental Hotspots for Azole Resistance Selection of Aspergillus Fumigatus, the Netherlands","volume":"25","author":"Schoustra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snelders, E., Camps, S.M.T., Karawajczyk, A., Schaftenaar, G., Kema, G.H.J., van der Lee, H.A., Klaassen, C.H., Melchers, W.J.G., and Verweij, P.E. (2012). Triazole Fungicides Can Induce Cross-Resistance to Medical Triazoles in Aspergillus Fumigatus. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031801"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01024","article-title":"Azole Resistance in Aspergillus Fumigatus: A Consequence of Antifungal Use in Agriculture?","volume":"8","author":"Berger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2015.01.005","article-title":"Triazole-Resistant Aspergillus Fumigatus Harbouring G54 Mutation: Is It de Novo or Environmentally Acquired?","volume":"3","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.12.007","article-title":"Pesticide Behavior in Paddy Fields and Development of Azole-Resistant Aspergillus Fumigatus: Should We Be Concerned?","volume":"28","author":"Vaezi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mycol. M\u00e9d."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00791-17","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00791-17","article-title":"A Novel Environmental Azole Resistance Mutation in Aspergillus Fumigatus and a Possible Role of Sexual Reproduction in Its Emergence","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mbio"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2018.02.003","article-title":"In-Host Microevolution of Aspergillus Fumigatus: A Phenotypic and Genotypic Analysis","volume":"113","author":"Ballard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fungal Genet. Biol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Zoll, J., Engel, T., van den Heuvel, J., Verweij, P.E., and Debets, A.J.M. (2020). The Medical Triazole Voriconazole Can Select for Tandem Repeat Variations in Azole-Resistant Aspergillus Fumigatus Harboring TR34\/L98H Via Asexual Reproduction. J. Fungi, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6040277"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1710.110226","article-title":"Clinical Implications of Azole Resistance in Aspergillus Fumigatus, the Netherlands, 2007\u20132009","volume":"17","author":"Snelders","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simyco.2020.05.002","article-title":"Classification of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Talaromyces and Related Genera (Eurotiales): An Overview of Families, Genera, Subgenera, Sections, Series and Species","volume":"95","author":"Houbraken","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stud. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00813-09","article-title":"Role of Trehalose Biosynthesis in Aspergillus Fumigatus Development, Stress Response, and Virulence","volume":"78","author":"Vanier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-407672-3.00002-2","article-title":"Chapter Two Fungal Spores for Dispersion in Space and Time","volume":"85","author":"Wyatt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-147-7-1851","article-title":"Trehalose Is Required for the Acquisition of Tolerance to a Variety of Stresses in the Filamentous Fungus Aspergillus Nidulans","volume":"147","author":"Fillinger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jkab208","DOI":"10.1093\/g3journal\/jkab208","article-title":"Sporulation Environment Drives Phenotypic Variation in the Pathogen Aspergillus Fumigatus","volume":"11","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"G3 Genes Genomes Genet."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-021-00922-y","article-title":"Transcription in Fungal Conidia before Dormancy Produces Phenotypically Variable Conidia That Maximize Survival in Different Environments","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danion, F., van Rhijn, N., Dufour, A.C., Legendre, R., Sismeiro, O., Varet, H., Olivo-Marin, J.-C., Mouyna, I., Chamilos, G., and Bromley, M. (2021). Aspergillus Fumigatus, One Uninucleate Species with Disparate Offspring. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7010030"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03015-19","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.03015-19","article-title":"Cell Wall Composition Heterogeneity between Single Cells in Aspergillus Fumigatus Leads to Heterogeneous Behavior during Antifungal Treatment and Phagocytosis","volume":"11","author":"Bleichrodt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mbio"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuv018","article-title":"The Innate Immune Response to Aspergillus Fumigatus at the Alveolar Surface","volume":"39","author":"Margalit","year":"2015","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3114\/sim0009","article-title":"Germination of Conidia of Aspergillus Niger Is Accompanied by Major Changes in RNA Profiles","volume":"74","author":"Krijgsheld","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stud. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2014.01.023","article-title":"Symmetry Breaking in Spore Germination Relies on an Interplay between Polar Cap Stability and Spore Wall Mechanics","volume":"28","author":"Bonazzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00440-13","article-title":"Real-Time Optical Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing","volume":"51","author":"Fredborg","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2018.04.013","article-title":"Gene Co-Expression Analysis Identifies Gene Clusters Associated with Isotropic and Polarized Growth in Aspergillus Fumigatus Conidia","volume":"116","author":"Baltussen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fungal Genet. Biol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Novodvorska, M., Hayer, K., Pullan, S.T., Wilson, R., Blythe, M.J., Stam, H., Stratford, M., and Archer, D.B. (2013). Transcriptional Landscape of Aspergillus Nigerat Breaking of Conidial Dormancy Revealed by RNA-Sequencing. BMC Genom., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-14-246"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1997.3131693.x","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of the Aspergillus Nidulans TreA Gene Encoding an Acid Trehalase Required for Growth on Trehalose","volume":"24","author":"Fontaine","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01327.x","article-title":"Neutral Trehalases Catalyse Intracellular Trehalose Breakdown in the Filamentous Fungi Aspergillus Nidulans and Neurospora Crassa","volume":"32","author":"Bonini","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hagiwara, D., Sakai, K., Suzuki, S., Umemura, M., Nogawa, T., Kato, N., Osada, H., Watanabe, A., Kawamoto, S., and Gonoi, T. (2017). Temperature during Conidiation Affects Stress Tolerance, Pigmentation, and Trypacidin Accumulation in the Conidia of the Airborne Pathogen Aspergillus Fumigatus. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177050"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6046","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01078-14","article-title":"Germination of Aspergillus Niger Conidia Is Triggered by Nitrogen Compounds Related to L-Amino Acids","volume":"80","author":"Hayer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microb."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.103.025379","article-title":"The GanB G\u03b1-Protein Negatively Regulates Asexual Sporulation and Plays a Positive Role in Conidial Germination in Aspergillus Nidulans","volume":"167","author":"Chang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1007\/s00438-003-0852-0","article-title":"CAMP Signaling in Aspergillus Fumigatus Is Involved in the Regulation of the Virulence Gene PksP and in Defense against Killing by Macrophages","volume":"269","author":"Liebmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Genom."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s00294-009-0276-4","article-title":"G\u03b2\u03b3-Mediated Growth and Developmental Control in Aspergillus Fumigatus","volume":"55","author":"Shin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Genet."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kerr, S.C., Fischer, G.J., Sinha, M., McCabe, O., Palmer, J.M., Choera, T., Lim, F.Y., Wimmerova, M., Carrington, S.D., and Yuan, S. (2016). FleA Expression in Aspergillus Fumigatus Is Recognized by Fucosylated Structures on Mucins and Macrophages to Prevent Lung Infection. PLoS Pathog., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005555"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Houser, J., Komarek, J., Kostlanova, N., Cioci, G., Varrot, A., Kerr, S.C., Lahmann, M., Balloy, V., Fahy, J.V., and Chignard, M. (2013). A Soluble Fucose-Specific Lectin from Aspergillus Fumigatus Conidia\u2014Structure, Specificity and Possible Role in Fungal Pathogenicity. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083077"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myx163","article-title":"Fucose-Specific Lectin of Aspergillus Fumigatus: Binding Properties and Effects on Immune Response Stimulation","volume":"57","author":"Sakai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15699","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33902-0","article-title":"Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells Inhibit Aspergillus Fumigatus Germination of Extracellular Conidia via FleA Recognition","volume":"8","author":"Richard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19243","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201803602","article-title":"Multivalent Fucosides with Nanomolar Affinity for the Aspergillus Fumigatus Lectin FleA Prevent Spore Adhesion to Pneumocytes","volume":"24","author":"Lehot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3234","DOI":"10.1039\/D1OB00152C","article-title":"Hexavalent Thiofucosides to Probe the Role of the Aspergillus Fumigatus Lectin FleA in Fungal Pathogenicity","volume":"19","author":"Dussouy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Org. Biomol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-5956-10-30","article-title":"Development Stage-Specific Proteomic Profiling Uncovers Small, Lineage Specific Proteins Most Abundant in the Aspergillus Fumigatus Conidial Proteome","volume":"10","author":"Suh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proteome Sci."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2983","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.116.031112","article-title":"Aspergillus Fumigatus MADS-Box Transcription Factor RlmA Is Required for Regulation of the Cell Wall Integrity and Virulence","volume":"6","author":"Rocha","year":"2016","journal-title":"G3 Genes Genomes Genet."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3835","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06148-7","article-title":"Lung Colonization by Aspergillus Fumigatus Is Controlled by ZNF77","volume":"9","author":"Gago","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3739","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24021-y","article-title":"Serum Amyloid P Component Is an Essential Element of Resistance against Aspergillus Fumigatus","volume":"12","author":"Doni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark, H.R., Powell, A.B., Simmons, K.A., Ayubi, T., and Kale, S.D. (2019). Endocytic Markers Associated with the Internalization and Processing of Aspergillus Fumigatus Conidia by BEAS-2B Cells. Msphere, 4.","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00663-18"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.115.016667","article-title":"Multiple Phosphatases Regulate Carbon Source-Dependent Germination and Primary Metabolism in Aspergillus Nidulans","volume":"5","author":"Ries","year":"2015","journal-title":"G3 Genes Genomes Genet."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02347-19","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02347-19","article-title":"The Cell Wall Integrity Pathway Contributes to the Early Stages of Aspergillus Fumigatus Asexual Development","volume":"86","author":"Rocha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microb."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3427","DOI":"10.1021\/pr9010684","article-title":"Proteome Profiling and Functional Classification of Intracellular Proteins from Conidia of the Human-Pathogenic Mold Aspergillus Fumigatus","volume":"9","author":"Teutschbein","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00294-017-0740-5","article-title":"MybA, a New Player Driving Survival of the Conidium of the Human Pathogen Aspergillus Fumigatus","volume":"64","author":"Bayram","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Genet."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01874-20","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01874-20","article-title":"Antifungal Effect of All-Trans Retinoic Acid against Aspergillus Fumigatus In Vitro and in a Pulmonary Aspergillosis In Vivo Model","volume":"65","author":"Campione","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cosio, T., Gaziano, R., Zuccari, G., Costanza, G., Grelli, S., Francesco, P.D., Bianchi, L., and Campione, E. (2021). Retinoids in Fungal Infections: From Bench to Bedside. Pharmaceuticals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14100962"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00032-12","article-title":"Heat Shock Protein 90 Is Required for Conidiation and Cell Wall Integrity in Aspergillus Fumigatus","volume":"11","author":"Lamoth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Irmer, H., Tarazona, S., Sasse, C., Olbermann, P., Loeffler, J., Krappmann, S., Conesa, A., and Braus, G.H. (2015). RNAseq Analysis of Aspergillus Fumigatus in Blood Reveals a Just Wait and See Resting Stage Behavior. BMC Genom., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-1853-1"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, X., Li, S., and Kaminskyj, S. (2017). An Amylase-Like Protein, AmyD, Is the Major Negative Regulator for \u03b1-Glucan Synthesis in Aspergillus Nidulans during the Asexual Life Cycle. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18040695"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16109","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95008-4","article-title":"Biochemical and Structural Studies of Target Lectin SapL1 from the Emerging Opportunistic Microfungus Scedosporium Apiospermum","volume":"11","author":"Balloy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Escobar, N., Valdes, I.D., Keizer, E.M., Ordonez, S.R., Ohm, R.A., W\u00f6sten, H.A.B., and de Cock, H. (2018). Expression Profile Analysis Reveals That Aspergillus Fumigatus but Not Aspergillus Niger Makes Type II Epithelial Lung Cells Less Immunological Alert. BMC Genom., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-018-4895-3"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Son, Y.-E., and Park, H.-S. (2020). Genome Wide Analysis Reveals the Role of VadA in Stress Response, Germination, and Sterigmatocystin Production in Aspergillus Nidulans Conidia. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8091319"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willger, S.D., Puttikamonkul, S., Kim, K.-H., Burritt, J.B., Grahl, N., Metzler, L.J., Barbuch, R., Bard, M., Lawrence, C.B., and Cramer, R.A. (2008). A Sterol-Regulatory Element Binding Protein Is Required for Cell Polarity, Hypoxia Adaptation, Azole Drug Resistance, and Virulence in Aspergillus Fumigatus. PLoS Pathog., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000200"},{"key":"ref_206","first-page":"445","article-title":"Transcript Levels of the Aspergillus Fumigatus Cdc42 Module, Polarisome, and Septin Genes Show Little Change from Dormancy to Polarity Establishment","volume":"55","author":"Oda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3259","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.72.5.3259-3267.2006","article-title":"Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Ecm33p Influences Conidial Cell Wall Biosynthesis in Aspergillus Fumigatus","volume":"72","author":"Chabane","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microb."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632048","DOI":"10.3389\/ffunb.2021.632048","article-title":"Genetic Interactions Between Aspergillus Fumigatus Basic Leucine Zipper (BZIP) Transcription Factors AtfA, AtfB, AtfC, and AtfD","volume":"2","author":"Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Fungal Biol."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00028","article-title":"What Are the Functions of Chitin Deacetylases in Aspergillus Fumigatus?","volume":"10","author":"Mouyna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(02)03067-3","article-title":"Disruption of the Glucosylceramide Biosynthetic Pathway in Aspergillus Nidulans and Aspergillus Fumigatus by Inhibitors of UDP-Glc:Ceramide Glucosyltransferase Strongly Affects Spore Germination, Cell Cycle, and Hyphal Growth","volume":"525","author":"Levery","year":"2002","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.106.068239","article-title":"BasA Regulates Cell Wall Organization and Asexual\/Sexual Sporulation Ratio in Aspergillus Nidulans","volume":"176","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e05-06-0533","article-title":"Distinct Ceramide Synthases Regulate Polarized Growth in the Filamentous Fungus Aspergillus Nidulans","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gsaller, F., Hortschansky, P., Furukawa, T., Carr, P.D., Rash, B., Capilla, J., M\u00fcller, C., Bracher, F., Bowyer, P., and Haas, H. (2016). Sterol Biosynthesis and Azole Tolerance Is Governed by the Opposing Actions of SrbA and the CCAAT Binding Complex. PLoS Pathog., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006106"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chung, D., Barker, B.M., Carey, C.C., Merriman, B., Werner, E.R., Lechner, B.E., Dhingra, S., Cheng, C., Xu, W., and Blosser, S.J. (2014). ChIP-Seq and In Vivo Transcriptome Analyses of the Aspergillus Fumigatus SREBP SrbA Reveals a New Regulator of the Fungal Hypoxia Response and Virulence. PLoS Pathog., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004487"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00107-10","article-title":"\u03b2(1-3)Glucanosyltransferase Gel4p Is Essential for Aspergillus Fumigatus","volume":"9","author":"Gastebois","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14882","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.20.14882","article-title":"Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Glucanosyltransferases Play an Active Role in the Biosynthesis of the Fungal Cell Wall","volume":"275","author":"Mouyna","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.02685-14","article-title":"Divergent Targets of Aspergillus Fumigatus AcuK and AcuM Transcription Factors during Growth In Vitro versus Invasive Disease","volume":"83","author":"Pongpom","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcsw.2020.100039","article-title":"A Seven-Membered Cell Wall Related Transglycosylase Gene Family in Aspergillus Niger Is Relevant for Cell Wall Integrity in Cell Wall Mutants with Reduced \u03b1-Glucan or Galactomannan","volume":"6","author":"Wattjes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Surf."},{"key":"ref_219","first-page":"e01682-21","article-title":"Aspergillus Fumigatus Acetate Utilisation Impacts Virulence Traits and Pathogenicity","volume":"12","author":"Ries","year":"2021","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Son, S.-H., Lee, M.-K., Son, Y.-E., and Park, H.-S. (2021). HbxB Is a Key Regulator for Stress Response and \u03b2-Glucan Biogenesis in Aspergillus Nidulans. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9010144"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.13744","article-title":"MybA, a Transcription Factor Involved in Conidiation and Conidial Viability of the Human Pathogen Aspergillus Fumigatus","volume":"105","author":"Valsecchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2016.1195529","article-title":"Trehalose Pathway as an Antifungal Target","volume":"8","author":"Perfect","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2012.10.018","article-title":"Intracellular Trehalase Activity Is Required for Development, Germination and Heat-Stress Resistance of Aspergillus Niger Conidia","volume":"164","author":"Melin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00084-14","article-title":"Identification of Hypoxia-Inducible Target Genes of Aspergillus Fumigatus by Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Cellular Respiration as an Important Contributor to Hypoxic Survival","volume":"13","author":"Kroll","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00350-19","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00350-19","article-title":"The Aspergillus Fumigatus Mucin MsbA Regulates the Cell Wall Integrity Pathway and Controls Recognition of the Fungus by the Immune System","volume":"4","author":"Gurgel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Msphere"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-6-26","article-title":"Congenital Neutropenia: Diagnosis, Molecular Bases and Patient Management","volume":"6","author":"Donadieu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Orphanet. J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_227","first-page":"9905474","article-title":"Invasive Candidiasis Associated with Adenovirus Pneumonia","volume":"2021","author":"Liyanage","year":"2021","journal-title":"Case Rep. Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_228","first-page":"405","article-title":"Neutropenia in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: Data From the Women\u2019s Interagency HIV Study","volume":"166","author":"Levine","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V91.5.1479","article-title":"The Influence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 on Hematopoiesis","volume":"91","author":"Moses","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu780","article-title":"Higher Risk of Neutropenia Associated With Piperacillin-Tazobactam Compared With Ticarcillin-Clavulanate in Children","volume":"60","author":"Lemieux","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andr\u00e8s, E., Villalba, N.L., Zulfiqar, A.-A., Serraj, K., Mourot-Cottet, R., and Gottenberg, J.-E. (2019). State of Art of Idiosyncratic Drug-Induced Neutropenia or Agranulocytosis, with a Focus on Biotherapies. J Clin Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8091351"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1969.00300160084014","article-title":"Chronic Idiopathic Neutropenia: Treatment With Corticosteroids and Mercaptopurine","volume":"123","author":"Lipton","year":"1969","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-004-0614-5","article-title":"Febrile Neutropenia: A Prospective Study to Validate the Multinational Association of Supportive Care of Cancer (MASCC) Risk-Index Score","volume":"12","author":"Uys","year":"2004","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/59.suppl_4.S16","article-title":"Identification of Cancer Patients at High Risk of Febrile Neutropenia","volume":"59","author":"Scott","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Health-Syst. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R114","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr618","article-title":"First-Cycle Absolute Neutrophil Count Can Be Used to Improve Chemotherapy-Dose Delivery and Reduce the Risk of Febrile Neutropenia in Patients Receiving Adjuvant Therapy: A Validation Study","volume":"5","author":"Rivera","year":"2003","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delsing, C.E., Gresnigt, M.S., Leentjens, J., Preijers, F., Frager, F.A., Kox, M., Monneret, G., Venet, F., Bleeker-Rovers, C.P., and van de Veerdonk, F.L. (2014). Interferon-Gamma as Adjunctive Immunotherapy for Invasive Fungal Infections: A Case Series. BMC Infect. Dis, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-166"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05069.x","article-title":"Clinical Use of Interferon-\u03b3","volume":"1182","author":"Miller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-022-01218-7","article-title":"Decreased Efficacy of Antimicrobial Agents in a Polymicrobial Environment","volume":"16","author":"Figueroa","year":"2022","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13089","article-title":"Burden of Serious Fungal Infections in the Netherlands","volume":"63","author":"Buil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00039-07","article-title":"Infections Caused by Scedosporium spp.","volume":"21","author":"Cortez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20378-8","article-title":"BRD4-Mediated Repression of P53 Is a Target for Combination Therapy in AML","volume":"12","author":"Latif","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s12282-007-0014-z","article-title":"Trastuzumab Monotherapy versus Combination Therapy for Treating Recurrent Breast Cancer: Time to Progression and Survival","volume":"15","author":"Nishimura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Breast Cancer"},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695512","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.695512","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Camrelizumab Monotherapy and Combination Therapy for Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15290","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51711-x","article-title":"Monotherapy versus Combination Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Infections: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schmid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2021.03.004","article-title":"Antifungal Susceptibility Testing and Identification","volume":"35","author":"Kidd","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21965-z","article-title":"Antibody-Guided In Vivo Imaging of Aspergillus Fumigatus Lung Infections during Antifungal Azole Treatment","volume":"12","author":"Henneberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_247","first-page":"gky1131","article-title":"STRING V11: Protein\u2013Protein Association Networks with Increased Coverage, Supporting Functional Discovery in Genome-Wide Experimental Datasets","volume":"47","author":"Szklarczyk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."}],"container-title":["Journal of Fungi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/8\/8\/758\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:54:39Z","timestamp":1760140479000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/8\/8\/758"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]},"references-count":247,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["jof8080758"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof8080758","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-608X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2309-608X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]}}}