{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:16:20Z","timestamp":1790381780541,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-AI132140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AI132140"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-Al130411"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-Al130411"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-AI040996"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AI040996"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-AI035681"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AI035681"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01-Al124299"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01-Al124299"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R56-Al168370"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R56-Al168370"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI156270"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI156270"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32-GM008804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32-GM008804"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coccidioidomycosis is an endemic fungal infection that is reported in up to 20,000 persons per year and has an economic impact close to $1.5 billion. Natural infection virtually always confers protection from future exposure, and this suggests that a preventative vaccine strategy is likely to succeed. We here review progress toward that objective. There has been ongoing research to discover a coccidioidal vaccine over the past seven decades, including one phase III clinical trial, but for reasons of either efficacy or feasibility, a safe and effective vaccine has not yet been developed. This review first summarizes the past research to develop a coccidioidal vaccine. It then details the evidence that supports a live, gene-deletion vaccine candidate as suitable for further development as both a veterinary and a human clinical product. Finally, a plausible vaccine development plan is described which would be applicable to this vaccine candidate and also useful to other future candidates. The public health and economic impact of coccidioidomycosis fully justifies a public private partnership for vaccine development, and the development of a vaccine for this orphan disease will likely require some degree of public funding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8080838","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T01:58:30Z","timestamp":1660183110000},"page":"838","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Vaccines to Prevent Coccidioidomycosis: A Gene-Deletion Mutant of Coccidioides Posadasii as a Viable Candidate for Human Trials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7882-1883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John N.","family":"Galgiani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Valley Fever Center for Excellence, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA"},{"name":"Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA"},{"name":"Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa F.","family":"Shubitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Valley Fever Center for Excellence, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc J.","family":"Orbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Valley Fever Center for Excellence, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA"},{"name":"Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"},{"name":"School of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Alejandra","family":"Mandel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Valley Fever Center for Excellence, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel A.","family":"Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Valley Fever Center for Excellence, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce S.","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward J.","family":"Robb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anivive Lifesciences, Long Beach, CA 90807, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mana","family":"Ohkura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1206-483X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Devin J.","family":"Seka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Tomasiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas P.","family":"Monath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Crozet Biopharma LLC, Lexington, MA 02420, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.1000298","article-title":"The fungi: 1, 2, 3 \u2026 5.1 million species?","volume":"98","author":"Blackwell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. 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