{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:52:06Z","timestamp":1787028726011,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":173,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["U19AI166059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI166059"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["R01AI137418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI137418"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["NIH R21 AI149015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH R21 AI149015"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["R01 AI135005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI135005"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["U19AI166761"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI166761"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["R00GM135515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00GM135515"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["VFR-19-633952"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VFR-19-633952"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["R01 AI148336"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI148336"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19AI166059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI166059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI137418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI137418"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH R21 AI149015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH R21 AI149015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI135005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI135005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19AI166761"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI166761"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R00GM135515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00GM135515"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VFR-19-633952"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VFR-19-633952"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI148336"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI148336"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Valley Fever Research Initiative at the University of California","award":["U19AI166059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI166059"]}]},{"name":"Valley Fever Research Initiative at the University of California","award":["R01AI137418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI137418"]}]},{"name":"Valley Fever Research Initiative at the University of California","award":["NIH R21 AI149015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH R21 AI149015"]}]},{"name":"Valley Fever Research Initiative at the University of California","award":["R01 AI135005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI135005"]}]},{"name":"Valley Fever Research Initiative at the University of California","award":["U19AI166761"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI166761"]}]},{"name":"Valley Fever Research Initiative at the University of California","award":["R00GM135515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00GM135515"]}]},{"name":"Valley Fever Research Initiative at the University of California","award":["VFR-19-633952"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VFR-19-633952"]}]},{"name":"Valley Fever Research Initiative at the University of California","award":["R01 AI148336"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI148336"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["U19AI166059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI166059"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["R01AI137418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI137418"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["NIH R21 AI149015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH R21 AI149015"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["R01 AI135005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI135005"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["U19AI166761"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI166761"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["R00GM135515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00GM135515"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["VFR-19-633952"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VFR-19-633952"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["R01 AI148336"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI148336"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coccidioides immitis and posadasii are closely related fungal species that cause coccidioidomycosis. These dimorphic organisms cause disease in immunocompetent as well as immunocompromised individuals and as much as 40% of the population is infected in the endemic area. Although most infections resolve spontaneously, the infection can be prolonged and, in some instances, fatal. Coccidioides has been studied for more than 100 years and many aspects of the organism and the disease it causes have been investigated. There are over 500 manuscripts concerning Coccidioides (excluding clinical articles) referenced in PubMed over the past 50 years, so there is a large body of evidence to review. We reviewed the most accurate and informative basic research studies of these fungi including some seminal older studies as well as an extensive review of current research. This is an attempt to gather the most important basic research studies about this fungus into one publication. To focus this review, we will discuss the mycology of the organism exclusively rather than the studies of the host response or clinical studies. We hope that this review will be a useful resource to those interested in Coccidioides and coccidioidomycosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8080859","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T23:44:25Z","timestamp":1660693465000},"page":"859","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Coccidioides Species: A Review of Basic Research: 2022"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7908-7302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theo N.","family":"Kirkland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, CA 95128, USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiung-Yu","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Disease, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0906-7538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sinem","family":"Beyhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, J. Craig Venter Institute, San Diego, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5794-7700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John W.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa F.","family":"Shubitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Valley Fever Center for Excellence, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4717-000X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sascha H.","family":"Duttke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1091-348X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arash","family":"Heidari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Kern Medical, Bakersfield, CA 93306, USA"},{"name":"Valley Fever Institute, Bakersfield, CA 93306, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Royce H.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Kern Medical, Bakersfield, CA 93306, USA"},{"name":"Valley Fever Institute, Bakersfield, CA 93306, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3176-6335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanley C.","family":"Deresinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antje","family":"Lauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, California State University Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Highway, Bakersfield, CA 93311, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Fierer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Section, VA Healthcare San Diego, San Diego, CA 92161, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"CDC (2013). Increase in reported coccidioidomycosis\u2014United States, 1998\u20132011. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., 62, 217\u2013221."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8041150","article-title":"The public health impact of coccidioidomycosis in Arizona and California","volume":"8","author":"Hector","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1206.060028","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis as a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"12","author":"Valdivia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Inf. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofaa623","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa623","article-title":"Clinical and Economic Burden of Valley Fever in Arizona: An Incidence-Based Cost-of-Illness Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Grizzle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myy123","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis: What a long strange trip it\u2019s been","volume":"57","author":"Deresinski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stevens, D.A. (1980). History of coccidioidomycosis: \u201cdust to dust\u201d. Coccidioidomycosis. A Text, Plenum Medical Book Company.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-1712-9"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.6.4-6.443","article-title":"Futher observations on a pathogenic mold formerly described as a protozona (Coccidioides immitis, Coccidioides pyogenes)","volume":"6","author":"Ophuls","year":"1905","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"893","article-title":"Molecular evolution of the fungi: Human pathogens","volume":"9","author":"Bowman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.3.454","article-title":"Developments in Fungal Taxonomy","volume":"12","author":"Guarro","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"52","article-title":"Molecular phylogeny and taxonomy of medically important fungi","volume":"36","author":"Bowman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-140-6-1481","article-title":"Evidence for a phylogenetic connection between Coccidioides immitis and Uncinocarpus reesii (Onygenaceae)","volume":"140","author":"Pan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1080\/15572536.2005.11832928","article-title":"The Ajellomycetaceae, a new family of vertebrate-associated Onygenales","volume":"96","author":"Untereiner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mycologia"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Xu, Z., Gao, L., and Hao, B. (2009). A fungal phylogeny based on 82 complete genomes using the composition vector method. BMC Evol. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-9-195"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.115.022806","article-title":"Comparative Phylogenomics of Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Species","volume":"6","author":"Whiston","year":"2015","journal-title":"G3"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whiston, E., Zhang Wise, H., Sharpton, T.J., Jui, G., Cole, G.T., and Taylor, J.W. (2012). Comparative transcriptomics of the saprobic and parasitic growth phases in Coccidioides spp.. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041034"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlin, A.F., Beyhan, S., Pe\u00f1a, J.F., Stajich, J.E., Viriyakosol, S., Fierer, J., and Kirkland, T.N. (2021). Transcriptional Analysis of Coccidioides immitis Mycelia and Spherules by RNA Sequencing. JoF, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7050366"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"37","article-title":"PRP8 Intein in Onygenales: Distribution and Phylogenetic Aspects","volume":"185","author":"Theodoro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a019794","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a019794","article-title":"Thermally Dimorphic Human Fungal Pathogens\u2014Polyphyletic Pathogens with a Convergent Pathogenicity Trait","volume":"5","author":"Sil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5478","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.10.5478","article-title":"Concordance of gene genealogies reveals reproductive isolation in the pathogenic fungus Coccidioides immitis","volume":"94","author":"Koufopanou","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.2.770","article-title":"Molecular markers reveal cryptic sex in the human pathogen Coccidioides immitis","volume":"93","author":"Burt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4558","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.071406098","article-title":"Biogeographic range expansion into South America by Coccidioides immitis mirrors New world patterns of human migration","volume":"98","author":"Fisher","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/15572536.2003.11833250","article-title":"Molecular and phenotypic description of Coccidioides posadasii sp. nov., previously recognized as the non-California population of Coccidioides immitis","volume":"94","author":"Fisher","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mycologia"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mead, H.L., Hamm, P.S., Shaffer, I.N., Teixeira, M.M., Wendel, C.S., Wiederhold, N.P., Thompson, G.R., Muniz-Salazar, R., Castanon-Olivares, L.R., and Keim, P. (2020). Differential Thermotolerance Adaptation between Species of Coccidioides. J. Fungi, 6.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.08.12.247635"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funeco.2011.07.010","article-title":"Detection and phylogenetic analysis of Coccidioides posadasii in Arizona soil samples","volume":"5","author":"Barker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fungal Ecol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02051479","article-title":"Ecology of Coccidioides immitis","volume":"41","author":"Swatek","year":"1970","journal-title":"Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"385","article-title":"Diagnosis of pulmonary coccidioidal infections","volume":"75","author":"Smith","year":"1951","journal-title":"Calif. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.31.1.35","article-title":"Prevalence of sensitivity to coccidioidin, with special reference to specific and nonspecific reactions to coccidioidin and to histoplasmin","volume":"31","author":"Edwards","year":"1957","journal-title":"Dis. Chest"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.7589\/2014-06-143","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis and other systemic mycoses of marine mammals stranding along the central California, USA coast: 1998\u20132012","volume":"51","author":"Huckabone","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myu004","article-title":"Demonstration of Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii DNA in soil samples collected from Dinosaur National Monument, Utah","volume":"52","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis1028","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis acquired in Washington State","volume":"56","author":"Goldoft","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"450","article-title":"Coccidioides immitis identified in soil outside of its known range\u2014Washington, 2013","volume":"63","author":"Hill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu681","article-title":"Valley fever: Finding new places for an old disease: Coccidioides immitis found in Washington State soil associated with recent human infection","volume":"60","author":"Litvintseva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"145","article-title":"Investigating the Role of Animal Burrows on the Ecology and Distribution of Coccidioides spp. in Arizona Soils","volume":"185","author":"Kollath","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.2307\/4584276","article-title":"The isolation of Haplosporangium parvum n. sp. and Coccidioides immitis from wild rodents. Their relationship to coccidioidomycosis","volume":"57","author":"Emmons","year":"1942","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0148321","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01483-21","article-title":"PM10 and Other Climatic Variables Are Important Predictors of Seasonal Variability of Coccidioidomycosis in Arizona","volume":"10","author":"Kollath","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-018-1375-9","article-title":"Investigating the Relationship Between Climate and Valley Fever (Coccidioidomycosis)","volume":"15","author":"Weaver","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GH000033","article-title":"Relating coccidioidomycosis (valley fever) incidence to soil moisture conditions","volume":"1","author":"Coopersmith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geohealth"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.87.3.500-503.1964","article-title":"Significance of soil salinity on the ecology of Coccidioides immitis","volume":"87","author":"Elconin","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"281","article-title":"Observations on Coccidioides immitis found growing naturally in soil","volume":"22","author":"Maddy","year":"1965","journal-title":"Ariz. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lauer, A., Etyemezian, V., Nikolich, G., Kloock, C., Arzate, A.F., Sadiq Batcha, F., Kaur, M., Garcia, E., Mander, J., and Kayes Passaglia, A. (2020). Valley Fever: Environmental Risk Factors and Exposure Pathways Deduced from Field Measurements in California. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17155285"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2607.200024","article-title":"Risk for Coccidioidomycosis among Hispanic Farm Workers, California, USA, 2018","volume":"26","author":"McCurdy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0059821","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00598-21","article-title":"Factors Influencing Distribution of Coccidioides immitis in Soil, Washington State, 2016","volume":"6","author":"Chow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Msphere"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Litvintseva, A.P., Chow, N.A., and Salah, Z. (2022). The Association between Coccidioides immitis and Rodent Habitats in Washington State Remains Unresolved. Msphere, Ahead of Print.","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00294-22"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lauer, A., Baal, J.D., Mendes, S.D., Casimiro, K.N., Passaglia, A.K., Valenzuela, A.H., and Guibert, G. (2019). Valley Fever on the Rise-Searching for Microbial Antagonists to the Fungal Pathogen Coccidioides immitis. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7020031"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01277-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01277-17","article-title":"Multicenter Clinical Validation of a Cartridge-Based Real-Time PCR System for Detection of Coccidioides spp. in Lower Respiratory Specimens","volume":"56","author":"Saubolle","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02731-14","article-title":"Development of a real-time PCR Assay for identification of Coccidioides immitis by use of the BD Max system","volume":"53","author":"Mitchell","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01776-06","article-title":"Detection of Coccidioides species in clinical specimens by real-time PCR","volume":"45","author":"Binnicker","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2021.101159","article-title":"The clinical laboratory evolution in coccidioidomycosis detection: Future perspectives","volume":"31","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mycol. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaturvedi, S., Victor, T.R., Marathe, A., Sidamonidze, K., Crucillo, K.L., and Chaturvedi, V. (2021). Real-time PCR assay for detection and differentiation of Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii from culture and clinical specimens. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.04.08.21254780"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myy007","article-title":"Direct detection of Coccidioides from Arizona soils using CocciENV, a highly sensitive and specific real-time PCR assay","volume":"57","author":"Bowers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myw022","article-title":"Molecular detection of airborne Coccidioides in Tucson, Arizona","volume":"54","author":"Chow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lauer, A., Talamantes, J., Casta\u00f1\u00f3n Olivares, L.R., Medina, L.J., Baal, J.D.H., Casimiro, K., Shroff, N., and Emery, K.W. (2014). Combining forces\u2014The use of Landsat TM satellite imagery, soil parameter information, and multiplex PCR to detect Coccidioides immitis growth sites in Kern County, California. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111921"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ocampo-Chavira, P., Eaton-Gonzalez, R., and Riquelme, M. (2020). Of Mice and Fungi: Coccidioides spp. Distribution Models. J. Fungi, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6040320"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dobos, R.R., Benedict, K., Jackson, B.R., and McCotter, O.Z. (2021). Using soil survey data to model potential Coccidioides soil habitat and inform Valley fever epidemiology. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247263"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myy039","article-title":"The endozoan, small-mammal reservoir hypothesis and the life cycle of Coccidioides species","volume":"57","author":"Taylor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del Rocio Reyes-Montes, M., Perez-Huitron, M.A., Ocana-Monroy, J.L., Frias-De-Leon, M.G., Martinez-Herrera, E., Arenas, R., and Duarte-Escalante, E. (2016). The habitat of Coccidioides spp. and the role of animals as reservoirs and disseminators in nature. BMC Infect. Dis., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1902-7"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Mac\u00eado, R.C., Rosado, A.S., da Mota, F.F., Cavalcante, M.A., Eul\u00e1lio, K.D., Filho, A.D., Martins, L.M., Laz\u00e9ra, M.S., and Wanke, B. (2011). Molecular identification of Coccidioides spp. in soil samples from Brazil. BMC Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-11-108"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007273019647","article-title":"Coccidioides immitis isolated from armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) in the state of Piau\u00ed, northeast Brazil","volume":"149","author":"Cavalcanti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.087551.108","article-title":"Comparative genomic analyses of the human fungal pathogens Coccidioides and their relatives","volume":"19","author":"Sharpton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s00294-007-0147-9","article-title":"Exploration of whole-genome responses of the human AIDS-associated yeast pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans var grubii: Nitric oxide stress and body temperature","volume":"52","author":"Chow","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Genet."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Stevens, D.A. (1980). Overview of Mycology, and the Mycology of Coccidioides immitis. Coccidioidomycosis: A Text, Springer."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e113","DOI":"10.1002\/cpmc.113","article-title":"Proper Care and Feeding of Coccidioides: A Laboratorian\u2019s Guide to Cultivating the Dimorphic Stages of C. immitis and C. posadasii","volume":"58","author":"Mead","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.50.2.95-132.1986","article-title":"Models of cell differentiation in Conidial fungi","volume":"50","author":"Cole","year":"1986","journal-title":"Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Cole, G.T., Sun, S.H., and Huppert, M. (1982). Isolation and ultrastructural examination of conidial wall components of Coccidioides and Aspergillus. Scan. Electron Microsc., 1677\u20131685."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis, E.R., Bowers, J.R., and Barker, B.M. (2015). Dust devil: The life and times of the fungus that causes valley Fever. PLoS Pathog., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004762"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, J.J., Holbrook, E., Liao, Y.R., Zarnowski, R., Andes, D.R., Wheat, L.J., Malo, J., and Hung, C.Y. (2019). Characterization of an Uncinocarpus reesii-expressed recombinant tube precipitin antigen of Coccidioides posadasii for serodiagnosis. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221228"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/147.3.372","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis: Factors affecting the host-parasite interaction","volume":"147","author":"Drutz","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/150.1.127","article-title":"The critical role of CO2 in the morphogenesis of Coccidioides immitis in cell-free subcutaneous chambers","volume":"150","author":"Klotz","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.78.2.231-239.1959","article-title":"Nutrition of the Parasitic Phase of Coccidioides immitis in a Chemically Defined Liquid Medium","volume":"78","author":"Converse","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.74.1.106-107.1957","article-title":"Effect of surface active agents on endosporulation of Coccidioides immitis in a chemically defined medium","volume":"74","author":"Converse","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viriyakosol, S., Singhania, A., Fierer, J., Goldberg, J., Kirkland, T.N., and Woelk, C.H. (2013). Gene expression in human fungal pathogen Coccidioides immitis changes as arthroconidia differentiate into spherules and mature. BMC Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-13-121"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myy049","article-title":"Characterizing in vitro spherule morphogenesis of multiple strains of both species of Coccidioides","volume":"57","author":"Mead","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.85.1.12-15.1963","article-title":"Studies on Coccidioides immitis. II. Physiological studies on in vitro spherulation","volume":"85","author":"Brooks","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.32.2.897-907.1981","article-title":"Human sex hormones stimulate the growth and maturation of Coccidioides immitis","volume":"32","author":"Drutz","year":"1981","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.45.3.784-786.1984","article-title":"Identification of a high-affinity binder for estradiol and a low-affinity binder for testosterone in Coccidioides immitis","volume":"45","author":"Powell","year":"1984","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.22.2.165-167.1985","article-title":"Pure spherules of Coccidioides immitis in continuous culture","volume":"22","author":"Petkus","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"186","article-title":"Carbo-loading in Coccidioides spp.: A quantitative analysis of CAZyme abundance and resulting glycan populations","volume":"30","author":"Mitchell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitchell, N.M., Dasari, S., Grys, T.E., and Lake, D.F. (2020). Laser Capture Microdissection-Assisted Protein Biomarker Discovery from Coccidioides-Infected Lung Tissue. J. Fungi, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6040365"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.30.6.600","article-title":"Epidemiology of Acute Coccidioidomycosis with Erythema Nodosum (\u201cSan Joaquin\u201d or \u201cValley Fever\u201d)","volume":"30","author":"Smith","year":"1940","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health Nations Health"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"330","article-title":"The use of coccidioidin","volume":"57","author":"Smith","year":"1948","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Tuberc."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1128\/am.22.3.294-299.1971","article-title":"Fractionation and composition studies of skin test-active components of sensitins from Coccidioides immitis","volume":"22","author":"Anderson","year":"1971","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-145-37899","article-title":"Comparison of skin reactivity of spherule and mycelial coccidioidins produced by different strains of Coccidioides immitis","volume":"145","author":"Chaparas","year":"1974","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113776","article-title":"Immunologic responsiveness and safety associated with the Coccidioides immitis spherule vaccine in volunteers of white, black, and Filipino ancestry","volume":"119","author":"Williams","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.91.2.876-883.1966","article-title":"Delayed dermal hypersensitivity in mice to spherule and mycelial extracts of Coccidioides immitis","volume":"91","author":"Kong","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.15.3.751-755.1977","article-title":"In vitro lymphocyte responses of coccidioidin skin test-positive and -negative persons to coccidioidin, spherulin, and a coccidioides cell wall antigen","volume":"15","author":"Cox","year":"1977","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0732-8893(88)90075-2","article-title":"Extraction of serologic and delayed hypersensitivity antigens from spherules of Coccidioides immitis","volume":"11","author":"Galgiani","year":"1988","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-012-9555-6","article-title":"A reformulated spherule-derive coccidioidin (Spherusol) to detect delayed-type hypersensitivity in coccidiodomycosis","volume":"174","author":"Johnson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ388","article-title":"The Return of Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Skin Testing for Coccidioidomycosis","volume":"61","author":"Wack","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.20.2.541-551.1978","article-title":"Antigenic analysis of coccidioidin and spherulin determined by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis","volume":"20","author":"Huppert","year":"1978","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.55.3.657-667.1987","article-title":"An immunoreactive, water-soluble conidial wall fraction of Coccidioides immitis","volume":"55","author":"Cole","year":"1987","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700173","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201700173","article-title":"Proteogenomic Re-Annotation of Coccidioides posadasii Strain Silveira","volume":"18","author":"Mitchell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.50.2.365-369.1985","article-title":"Antigenic heterogeneity of an alkali-soluble, water-soluble cell wall extract of Coccidioides immitis","volume":"50","author":"Cox","year":"1985","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.59.7.2245-2251.1991","article-title":"An immunoreactive apoglycoprotein purified from Coccidioides immitis","volume":"59","author":"Dugger","year":"1991","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.55.9.1970-1978.1987","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of an extracellular proteinase of Coccidioides immitis","volume":"55","author":"Yuan","year":"1987","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.7.2695-2699.1996","article-title":"Molecular cloning and characterization of Coccidioides immitis antigen 2 cDNA","volume":"64","author":"Zhu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1996.0086","article-title":"Cloning and sequence analysis of the cDNA for a protein from Coccidioides immitis with immunogenic potential","volume":"218","author":"Dugger","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3994","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.10.3994-4002.1995","article-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Characterization of a Coccidioides immitis-Specific Antigen","volume":"63","author":"Pan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.3.3.247","article-title":"Serology of coccidioidomycosis","volume":"3","author":"Pappagianis","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.60.7.2588-2592.1992","article-title":"The coccidioidal complement fixation and immunodiffusion-complement fixation antigen is a chitinase","volume":"60","author":"Johnson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3090","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.7.3090-3092.1993","article-title":"Amino-terminal sequence analysis of the Coccidioides immitis chitinase\/immunodiffusion-complement fixation protein","volume":"61","author":"Johnson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5830","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.10.5830-5838.2000","article-title":"Disruption of the gene which encodes a serodiagnostic antigen and chitinase of the human fungal pathogen Coccidioides immitis","volume":"68","author":"Reichard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3196","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00459-09","article-title":"A genetically engineered live attenuated vaccine of Coccidioides posadasii protects BALB\/c mice against coccidioidomycosis","volume":"77","author":"Xue","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5462","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.11.5462-5469.2005","article-title":"Characterization of a serodiagnostic complement fixation antigen of Coccidioides posadasii expressed in the nonpathogenic Fungus Uncinocarpus reesii","volume":"43","author":"Yu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.58.1.169-178.1990","article-title":"Isolation of tube precipitin antibody-reactive fractions of Coccidioides immitis","volume":"58","author":"Kruse","year":"1990","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.58.1.179-188.1990","article-title":"Composition, serologic reactivity, and immunolocalization of a 120-kilodalton tube precipitin antigen of Coccidioides immitis","volume":"58","author":"Cole","year":"1990","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4350","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.60.10.4350-4363.1992","article-title":"A seroreactive 120-kilodalton b-(1,3)-glucanase of Coccidioides immitis which may participate in spherule morphogenesis","volume":"60","author":"Kruse","year":"1992","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.4.2211-2222.2001","article-title":"Cloning and expression of the gene which encodes a tube precipitin antigen and wall-associated beta-glucosidase of Coccidioides immitis","volume":"69","author":"Hung","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3519","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.8.3519-3522.1998","article-title":"Evaluation of the proline-rich antigen of Coccidioides immitis as a vaccine candidate in mice","volume":"66","author":"Kirkland","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2935","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.6.2935-2940.1999","article-title":"Resistance to Coccidioides immitis in mice after immunization with recombinant protein or a DNA vaccine of a proline-rich antigen","volume":"67","author":"Abuodeh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.57.5.1524-1534.1989","article-title":"Isolation of antigens with proteolytic activity from Coccidioides immitis","volume":"57","author":"Cole","year":"1989","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.56.10.2695-2701.1988","article-title":"Immunoreactivity of a surface wall fraction produced by spherules of Coccidioides immitis","volume":"56","author":"Cole","year":"1988","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.56.6.1551-1559.1988","article-title":"Possible role of a proteinase in endosporulation of Coccidioides immitis","volume":"56","author":"Yuan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.60.2.416-427.1992","article-title":"Isolation and expression of a gene which encodes a wall-associated proteinase of Coccidioides immitis","volume":"60","author":"Cole","year":"1992","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5802","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00961-06","article-title":"Multivalent recombinant protein vaccine against coccidioidomycosis","volume":"74","author":"Tarcha","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.10.4.700-704.1974","article-title":"Soluble antigens of mycelia and spherules in the in vitro detection of immunity to Coccidioides immitis","volume":"10","author":"Deresinski","year":"1974","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(95)00250-A","article-title":"Cloning and expression of a gene encoding a T-cell reactive protein from Coccidioides immitis: Homology to 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase and the mammalian F antigen","volume":"161","author":"Wyckoff","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4872","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.60.11.4872-4880.1992","article-title":"Electrophoretic karyotypes of clinical isolates of Coccidioides immitis","volume":"60","author":"Pan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jkab132","DOI":"10.1093\/g3journal\/jkab132","article-title":"The mitochondrial genomes of the human pathogens Coccidioides immitis and C. posadasii","volume":"11","author":"Lang","year":"2021","journal-title":"G3"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jkac031","DOI":"10.1093\/g3journal\/jkac031","article-title":"A chromosomal-level reference genome of the widely utilized Coccidioides posadasii laboratory strain \"Silveira\"","volume":"12","author":"Stajich","year":"2022","journal-title":"G3"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.103911.109","article-title":"Population genomic sequencing of Coccidioides fungi reveals recent hybridization and transposon control","volume":"20","author":"Neafsey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00149-19","DOI":"10.1128\/MRA.00149-19","article-title":"Improved Reference Genome Sequence of Coccidioides immitis Strain WA_211, Isolated in Washington State","volume":"8","author":"Teixeira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol. Resour. Announc."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evw082","article-title":"Divergent and Convergent Evolution of Fungal Pathogenicity","volume":"8","author":"Shang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Owens, R.A., Hammel, S., Sheridan, K.J., Jones, G.W., and Doyle, S. (2014). A proteomic approach to investigating gene cluster expression and secondary metabolite functionality in Aspergillus fumigatus. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106942"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirkland, T.N., Muszewska, A., and Stajich, J.E. (2018). Analysis of Transposable Elements in Coccidioides Species. J. Fungi, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof4010013"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00550-16","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00550-16","article-title":"Local Population Structure and Patterns of Western Hemisphere Dispersal for Coccidioides spp., the Fungal Cause of Valley Fever","volume":"7","author":"Engelthaler","year":"2016","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01976-19","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01976-19","article-title":"Population Structure and Genetic Diversity among Isolates of Coccidioides posadasii in Venezuela and Surrounding Regions","volume":"10","author":"Teixeira","year":"2019","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2006.05.005","article-title":"Coccidioides posadasii contains single chitin synthase genes corresponding to classes I to VII","volume":"43","author":"Mandel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fungal Genet Biol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palma-Guerrero, J., Hall, C.R., Kowbel, D., Welch, J., Taylor, J.W., Brem, R.B., and Glass, N.L. (2013). Genome wide association identifies novel loci involved in fungal communication. PLoS Genet., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003669"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(99)00496-5","article-title":"Sequence, expression and functional analysis of the Coccidioides immitis ODC (ornithine decarboxylase) gene","volume":"242","author":"Hung","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/153.5.933","article-title":"Influence of fungal surface components on the interaction of Coccidioides immitis with polymorphonuclear neutrophils","volume":"153","author":"Frey","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.13643","article-title":"Gene exchange between two divergent species of the fungal human pathogen, Coccidioides","volume":"73","author":"Maxwell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03874.x","article-title":"Evolution of fungal sex chromosomes","volume":"51","author":"Fraser","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00018-07","article-title":"Evolution of the mating type locus: Insights gained from the dimorphic primary fungal pathogens Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, and Coccidioides posadasii","volume":"6","author":"Fraser","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00117-07","article-title":"Genomic and Population Analyses of the Mating Type Loci in Coccidioides Species Reveal Evidence for Sexual Reproduction and Gene Acquisition","volume":"6","author":"Mandel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eukaryotic Cell"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pel\u00e1ez-Jaramillo, C.A., Jim\u00e9nez-Alzate, M.D.P., Araque-Marin, P., Hung, C.-Y., Castro-Lopez, N., and Cole, G.T. (2021). Lipid Secretion by Parasitic Cells of Coccidioides Contributes to Disseminated Disease. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.592826"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2013.04.003","article-title":"Extracellular ammonia at sites of pulmonary infection with Coccidioides posadasii contributes to severity of the respiratory disease","volume":"59\u201360","author":"Wise","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2686","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.56.10.2686-2694.1988","article-title":"Isolation and morphology of an immunoreactive outer wall fraction produced by spherules of Coccidioides immitis","volume":"56","author":"Cole","year":"1988","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/mmy.39.1.31.40","article-title":"The parasitic cell wall of Coccidioides immitis","volume":"39","author":"Cole","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3443","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.7.3443-3456.2002","article-title":"A Parasitic Phase-Specific Adhesin of Coccidioides immitis Contributes to the Virulence of This Respiratory Fungal Pathogen","volume":"70","author":"Hung","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(97)00342-9","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of the urease gene (URE) from the pathogenic fungus Coccidioides immitis","volume":"198","author":"Yu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/mmy.40.1.35.44","article-title":"Purification and characterization of urease isolated from the pathogenic fungus Coccidioides immitis","volume":"40","author":"Mirbod","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.1.504-515.2006","article-title":"Urease produced by Coccidioides posadasii contributes to the virulence of this respiratory pathogen","volume":"74","author":"Schaller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6689","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.10.6689-6703.2005","article-title":"A metalloproteinase of Coccidioides posadasii contributes to evasion of host detection","volume":"73","author":"Hung","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2006.09.006","article-title":"Coccidioides posadasii produces melanin in vitro and during infection","volume":"44","author":"Nosanchuk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fungal Genet. Biol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/1369378031000156890","article-title":"Profiling gene expression in Coccidioides posadasii","volume":"42","author":"Delgado","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2009.04.007","article-title":"Gene Ontology and the annotation of pathogen genomes: The case of Candida albicans","volume":"17","author":"Arnaud","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1007\/s00438-006-0154-4","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis and molecular studies on sulfur metabolism in the human pathogenic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis","volume":"276","author":"Ferreira","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Genom."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boyce, K.J., McLauchlan, A., Schreider, L., and Andrianopoulos, A. (2015). Intracellular growth is dependent on tyrosine catabolism in the dimorphic fungal pathogen Penicillium marneffei. PLoS Pathog., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004790"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00069-13","article-title":"Comparative transcriptomics of infectious spores from the fungal pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum reveals a core set of transcripts that specify infectious and pathogenic states","volume":"12","author":"Inglis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0140421","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01404-21","article-title":"Decoding Transcription Regulatory Mechanisms Associated with Coccidioides immitis Phase Transition Using Total RNA","volume":"7","author":"Duttke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Msystems"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tollot, M., Assmann, D., Becker, C., Altmuller, J., Dutheil, J.Y., Wegner, C.E., and Kahmann, R. (2016). The WOPR Protein Ros1 Is a Master Regulator of Sporogenesis and Late Effector Gene Expression in the Maize Pathogen Ustilago maydis. PLoS Pathog., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005697"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4880","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0710448105","article-title":"Temperature-induced switch to the pathogenic yeast form of Histoplasma capsulatum requires Ryp1, a conserved transcriptional regulator","volume":"105","author":"Nguyen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandel, M.A., Beyhan, S., Voorhies, M., Shubitz, L.F., Galgiani, J.N., Orbach, M.J., and Sil, A. (2022). The WOPR family protein Ryp1 is a key regulator of gene expression, development, and virulence in the thermally dimorphic fungal pathogen Coccidioides posadasii. PLoS Pathog., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009832"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5274(98)80008-8","article-title":"Signal transduction by MAP kinase cascades in budding yeast","volume":"1","author":"Posas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2011.07.005","article-title":"An iron homeostasis regulatory circuit with reciprocal roles in Candida albicans commensalism and pathogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1124105","article-title":"Global control of dimorphism and virulence in fungi","volume":"312","author":"Nemecek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2020.00483","article-title":"Defining Critical Genes During Spherule Remodeling and Endospore Development in the Fungal Pathogen, Coccidioides posadasii","volume":"11","author":"Mead","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3463","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.5b01054","article-title":"Total and Lectin-Binding Proteome of Spherulin from Coccidioides posadasii","volume":"15","author":"Grys","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00040-21","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00040-21","article-title":"Life Cycle Dominates the Volatilome Character of Dimorphic Fungus Coccidioides spp.","volume":"6","author":"Mead","year":"2021","journal-title":"Msphere"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-017-0785-7","article-title":"Methods for genetic transformation of filamentous fungi","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00294-005-0578-0","article-title":"Agrobacterium-mediated transformation as a tool for functional genomics in fungi","volume":"48","author":"Michielse","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Genet."},{"key":"ref_162","unstructured":"Brand, A.C., and MacCallum, D.M. (2012). Gene Disruption in Coccidioides Using Hygromycin or Phleomycin Resistance Markers. Host-Fungus Interactions: Methods and Protocols, Humana Press."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1086\/315525","article-title":"Genetic transformation of Coccidioides immitis facilitated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens","volume":"181","author":"Abuodeh","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00633-16","article-title":"A Coccidioides posadasii CPS1 Deletion Mutant Is Avirulent and Protects Mice from Lethal Infection","volume":"84","author":"Narra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/00362177185190401","article-title":"Immunization of mice with induced mutants of Coccidioides immitis. I. Characterization of mutants and preliminary studies of their use as viable vaccines","volume":"9","author":"Walch","year":"1971","journal-title":"Sabouraudia"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.40.3.912-916.1983","article-title":"Inbred mouse strains differ in resistance to lethal Coccidioides immitis infection","volume":"40","author":"Kirkland","year":"1983","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1086\/502972","article-title":"Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells can medicate vaccine-induced protection against Coccidioides immitis infection in mice","volume":"193","author":"Fierer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.4.1.111-120.2005","article-title":"Coccidioides posadasii contains a single 1,3-beta-glucan synthase gene that appears to be essential for growth","volume":"4","author":"Kellner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4250","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01265-06","article-title":"Use of the Coccidioides posadasii Deltachs5 strain for quality control in the ACCUPROBE culture identification test for Coccidioides immitis","volume":"44","author":"McGinnis","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1128\/br.25.3.310-320.1961","article-title":"Human coccidioidomycosis","volume":"25","author":"Smith","year":"1961","journal-title":"Bacteriol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/97.3.311","article-title":"The assay of virulence of Coccidioides in white mice","volume":"97","author":"Friedman","year":"1955","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.4.804-839.2004","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis: Host response and vaccine development","volume":"17","author":"Cox","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa419","article-title":"A Chronic Murine Disease Model of Coccidioidomycosis Using Coccidioides posadasii, strain 1038","volume":"223","author":"Shubitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Journal of Fungi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/8\/8\/859\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:10:36Z","timestamp":1760141436000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/8\/8\/859"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]]},"references-count":173,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["jof8080859"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof8080859","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-608X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2309-608X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]]}}}