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Considering that biofilm is the main growth lifestyle of several pathogens and it is involved with both virulence and resistance to antimicrobial drugs, we have investigated the ability of CBM fungi to produce this complex, organized and multicellular structure. Fonsecaea pedrosoi and Phialophora verrucosa conidial cells were able to adhere on a polystyrene abiotic substrate, differentiate into hyphae and produce a robust viable biomass containing extracellular matrix. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the tridimensional architecture of the mature biofilms, revealing a dense network of interconnected hyphae, inner channels and amorphous extracellular polymeric material. Interestingly, the co-culture of each fungus with THP-1 macrophage cells, used as a biotic substrate, induced the formation of a mycelial trap covering and damaging the macrophages. In addition, the biofilm-forming cells of F. pedrosoi and P. verrucosa were more resistant to the conventional antifungal drugs than the planktonic-growing conidial cells. The efflux pump activities of P. verrucosa and F. pedrosoi biofilms were significantly higher than those measured in conidia. Taken together, the data pointed out the biofilm formation by CBM fungi and brought up a discussion of the relevance of studies about their antifungal resistance mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8090963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]],"date-time":"2022-09-16T01:35:10Z","timestamp":1663292110000},"page":"963","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Biofilm Formation by Chromoblastomycosis Fungi Fonsecaea pedrosoi and Phialophora verrucosa: Involvement with Antifungal Resistance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Ingrid S.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Taxonomia, Bioqu\u00edmica e Bioprospec\u00e7\u00e3o de Fungos (LTBBF), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tha\u00eds P.","family":"Mello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Estudos Avan\u00e7ados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de G\u00f3es (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3454-7608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elaine P.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Taxonomia, Bioqu\u00edmica e Bioprospec\u00e7\u00e3o de Fungos (LTBBF), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcela Q.","family":"Granato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Taxonomia, Bioqu\u00edmica e Bioprospec\u00e7\u00e3o de Fungos (LTBBF), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0806-6712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celuta S.","family":"Alviano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Estrutura de Microrganismos, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de G\u00f3es (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0821-8592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 L. 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