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Colonization by fungi begins immediately after birth. The initial mycobiome is influenced by the gestational age of a newborn, birth weight, delivery method and feeding method. During a human\u2019s life, the composition of the mycobiome is further influenced by a large number of endogenous and exogenous factors. The most important factors are diet, body weight, age, sex and antibiotic and antifungal therapy. The human mycobiome inhabits the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, urogenital tract and skin. Its composition can influence the gut\u2013brain axis through immune and non-immune mediated crosstalk systems. It also interacts with other commensals of the ecosystem through synergistic and antagonistic relationships. Moreover, colonization of the gut by opportunistic fungal pathogens in immunocompromised individuals can lead to clinically relevant disease states. Thus, the mycobiome represents an essential part of the microbiome associated with a variety of physiological and pathological processes. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the composition of the mycobiome in specific sites of the human body and its role in health and disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8101046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]],"date-time":"2022-10-09T01:43:11Z","timestamp":1665279791000},"page":"1046","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["The Human Mycobiome: Colonization, Composition and the Role in Health and Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2375-9696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Belvoncikova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Splichalova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Videnska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8211-907X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman","family":"Gardlik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matijasic, M., Mestrovic, T., Paljetak, H.C., Peric, M., Baresic, A., and Verbanac, D. 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