{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T20:40:09Z","timestamp":1791664809325,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]],"date-time":"2022-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pulmonary cryptococcosis describes an invasive lung mycosis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans or Cryptococcus gattii complex. It is often a high-consequence disease in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent populations, and may be misdiagnosed as pulmonary malignancy, leading to a delay in therapy. Epidemiology follows that of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis, with C. gattii infection more common in certain geographic regions. Diagnostic tools include histopathology, microscopy and culture, and the detection of cryptococcal polysaccharide antigen or Cryptococcus-derived nucleic acids. All patients with lung cryptococcosis should have a lumbar puncture and cerebral imaging to exclude central nervous system disease. Radiology is key, both as an adjunct to laboratory testing and as the initial means of detection in asymptomatic patients or those with non-specific symptoms. Pulmonary cryptococcomas (single or multiple) may also be associated with disseminated disease and\/or cryptococcal meningitis, requiring prolonged treatment regimens. Optimal management for severe disease requires extended induction (amphotericin B and flucytosine) and consolidation therapy (fluconazole) with close clinical monitoring. Susceptibility testing is of value for epidemiology and in regions where relatively high minimum inhibitory concentrations to azoles (particularly fluconazole) have been noted. Novel diagnostic tools and therapeutic agents promise to improve the detection and treatment of cryptococcosis, particularly in low-income settings where the disease burden is high.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8111156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T06:01:28Z","timestamp":1667282488000},"page":"1156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Pulmonary Cryptococcosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9756-2813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annaleise R.","family":"Howard-Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Laboratory Services, New South Wales Health Pathology\u2014Institute of Clinical Pathology & Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2145, Australia"},{"name":"Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Sparks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Laboratory Services, New South Wales Health Pathology\u2014Institute of Clinical Pathology & Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0953-4063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Laboratory Services, New South Wales Health Pathology\u2014Institute of Clinical Pathology & Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0301-7110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catriona","family":"Halliday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Laboratory Services, New South Wales Health Pathology\u2014Institute of Clinical Pathology & Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Beardsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2145, Australia"},{"name":"Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"},{"name":"Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon C.-A.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Laboratory Services, New South Wales Health Pathology\u2014Institute of Clinical Pathology & Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2145, Australia"},{"name":"Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2015.10.006","article-title":"Cryptococcosis","volume":"30","author":"Maziarz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. 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