{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T03:03:59Z","timestamp":1792292639292,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,5]],"date-time":"2022-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pneumocystis jiroveci remains an important fungal pathogen in immunocompromised hosts. The environmental reservoir remains unknown. Pneumonia (PJP) results from airborne transmission, including in nosocomial clusters, or with reactivation after an inadequately treated infection. Pneumocystis pneumonia most often occurs within 6 months of organ transplantation, with intensified or prolonged immunosuppression, notably with corticosteroids and following cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections. Infection may be recognized during recovery from neutropenia and lymphopenia. Invasive procedures may be required for early diagnosis and therapy. Despite being a well-established entity, aspects of the pathogenesis of PJP remain poorly understood. The goal of this review is to summarize the data on the pathogenesis of PJP, review the strengths and weaknesses of the pertinent diagnostic modalities, and discuss areas for future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8111167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T12:11:00Z","timestamp":1667909460000},"page":"1167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["The Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8874-0980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Apostolopoulou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2671-3311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jay A.","family":"Fishman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"MGH Transplant Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14s","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1989.tb02670.x","article-title":"Sequence from ribosomal RNA of Pneumocystis carinii compared to those of four fungi suggests an ascomycetous affinity","volume":"36","author":"Stringer","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. 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