{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T09:19:22Z","timestamp":1762075162816,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Onychomycosis is a fungal disease of the nail that is found worldwide and is difficult to diagnose accurately. This study used metagenomics to investigate the microbiology of 18 clinically diagnosed mycotic nails and two normal nails for fungi and bacteria using the ITS2 and 16S loci. Four mycotic nails were from Bass Coast, six from Melbourne Metropolitan and eight from Shepparton, Victoria, Australia. The mycotic nails were photographed and metagenomically analysed. The ITS2 sequences for T. rubrum and T. interdigitale\/mentagrophytes averaged over 90% of hits in 14\/18 nails. The high abundance of sequences of a single dermatophyte, compared to all other fungi in a single nail, made it the most likely infecting agents (MLIA). Trichophyton rubrum and T. interdigitale\/mentagrophytes were found in Bass Coast and Shepparton while only T. interdigitale\/mentagrophytes was found in Melbourne. Two nails with T. interdigitale\/mentagrophytes mixed with high abundance non-dermatophyte moulds (NDMs) (Aspergillus versicolor, Acremonium sclerotigenum) were also observed. The two control nails contained chiefly Fusarium oxysporum and Malassezia slooffiae. For bacteria, Staphylococcus epidermidis was in every nail and was the most abundant, including the control nails, with an overall mean rate of 66.01%. Rothia koreensis, Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum, and Brevibacterium sediminis also featured.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8111198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]],"date-time":"2022-11-15T02:28:04Z","timestamp":1668479284000},"page":"1198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Metagenomics of Toenail Onychomycosis in Three Victorian Regions of Australia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Steven","family":"Hainsworth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, RMIT University (Bundoora Campus), P.O. Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia"},{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ann C.","family":"Lawrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, RMIT University (Bundoora Campus), P.O. Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thiru","family":"Vanniasinkam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6206-9634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danilla","family":"Grando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, RMIT University (Bundoora Campus), P.O. Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghannoum, M.A., Salem, I., and Christensen, L. (2018). Epidemiology of onychomycosis. Onychomycosis: Diagnosis and Effective Management, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119226512.ch2"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.31128\/AJGP-05-19-4930","article-title":"Superficial fungal infections","volume":"48","author":"Kovitwanichkanont","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aust. J. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eba, M., Njunda, A.L., Mouliom, R.N., Kwenti, E.T., Fuh, A.N., Nchanji, G.T., and Atashili, J. (2016). Onychomycosis in diabetic patients in Fako Division of Cameroon: Prevalence, causative agents, associated factors and antifungal sensitivity patterns. BMC Res. 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