{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T20:22:23Z","timestamp":1779394943773,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondo de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria","award":["PI18\/01155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18\/01155"]}]},{"name":"Fondo de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria","award":["PI19\/00074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI19\/00074"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014365","name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["II-PI-JGO-2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["II-PI-JGO-2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014365","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)","award":["CPII20\/00015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPII20\/00015"]}]},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n para Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n. JD","award":["FI19\/00021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FI19\/00021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Candidaemia and invasive candidiasis are typically hospital-acquired. Genotyping isolates from patients admitted to different hospitals may be helpful in tracking clones spreading across hospitals, especially those showing antifungal resistance. Methods: We characterized Candida clusters by studying Candida isolates (C. albicans, n = 1041; C. parapsilosis, n = 354, and C. tropicalis, n = 125) from blood cultures (53.8%) and intra-abdominal samples (46.2%) collected as part of the CANDIMAD (Candida in Madrid) study in Madrid (2019\u20132021). Species-specific microsatellite markers were used to define the genotypes of Candida spp. found in a single patient (singleton) or several patients (cluster) from a single hospital (intra-hospital cluster) or different hospitals (widespread cluster). Results: We found 83 clusters, of which 20 were intra-hospital, 49 were widespread, and 14 were intra-hospital and widespread. Some intra-hospital clusters were first detected before the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, but the number of clusters increased during the pandemic, especially for C. parapsilosis. The proportion of widespread clusters was significantly higher for genotypes found in both compartments than those exclusively found in either the blood cultures or intra-abdominal samples. Most C. albicans- and C. tropicalis-resistant genotypes were singleton and presented exclusively in either blood cultures or intra-abdominal samples. Fluconazole-resistant C. parapsilosis isolates belonged to intra-hospital clusters harboring either the Y132F or G458S ERG11p substitutions; the dominant genotype was also widespread. Conclusions: the number of clusters\u2014and patients involved\u2014increased during the COVID-19 pandemic mainly due to the emergence of fluconazole-resistant C. parapsilosis genotypes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8111228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T02:59:22Z","timestamp":1669085962000},"page":"1228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Candida Genotyping of Blood Culture Isolates from Patients Admitted to 16 Hospitals in Madrid: Genotype Spreading during the COVID-19 Pandemic Driven by Fluconazole-Resistant C. parapsilosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Judith","family":"D\u00edaz-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28007 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28007 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28007 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28007 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8370-2248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28007 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28007 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Alcal\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28007 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28007 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias-CIBERES (CB06\/06\/0058), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Reigadas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28007 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28007 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias-CIBERES (CB06\/06\/0058), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Carrillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28007 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28007 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias-CIBERES (CB06\/06\/0058), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"P\u00e9rez-Ayala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elia G\u00f3mez-Garc\u00eda","family":"de la Pedrosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario Ram\u00f3n y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Ram\u00f3n y Cajal de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Romo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos IdISSC, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Soledad","family":"Cu\u00e9tara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, 28914 Legan\u00e9s, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Coral","family":"Garc\u00eda-Esteban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, 28901 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inmaculada","family":"Quiles-Melero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nelly Daniela","family":"Zurita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Mu\u00f1oz","family":"Algarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Teresa","family":"Dur\u00e1n-Valle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario de M\u00f3stoles, M\u00f3stoles, 28935 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A\u00edda","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Central de la CAM-URSalud-Hospital Infanta Sof\u00eda, San Sebasti\u00e1n de los Reyes, 28703 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5706-5583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28007 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28007 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias-CIBERES (CB06\/06\/0058), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6254-4570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar","family":"Escribano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28007 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28007 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7901-8355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Guinea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28007 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28007 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias-CIBERES (CB06\/06\/0058), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the CANDIMAD Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18026","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.26","article-title":"Invasive candidiasis","volume":"4","author":"Pappas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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