{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:13:51Z","timestamp":1790727231798,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":186,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is growing in incidence, as patients at risk are growing in diversity. Outside the classical context of neutropenia, new risk factors are emerging or newly identified, such as new anticancer drugs, viral pneumonias and hepatic dysfunctions. Clinical signs remain unspecific in these populations and the diagnostic work-up has considerably expanded. Computed tomography is key to assess the pulmonary lesions of aspergillosis, whose various features must be acknowledged. Positron-emission tomography can bring additional information for diagnosis and follow-up. The mycological argument for diagnosis is rarely fully conclusive, as biopsy from a sterile site is challenging in most clinical contexts. In patients with a risk and suggestive radiological findings, probable invasive aspergillosis is diagnosed through blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples by detecting galactomannan or DNA, or by direct microscopy and culture for the latter. Diagnosis is considered possible with mold infection in lack of mycological criterion. Nevertheless, the therapeutic decision should not be hindered by these research-oriented categories, that have been completed by better adapted ones in specific settings. Survival has been improved over the past decades with the development of relevant antifungals, including lipid formulations of amphotericin B and new azoles. New antifungals, including first-in-class molecules, are awaited.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9020131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T01:33:26Z","timestamp":1674005606000},"page":"131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3261-3616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie-Pierre","family":"Ledoux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Institut de Canc\u00e9rologie de Strasbourg Europe (ICANS), 67033 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9381-4876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raoul","family":"Herbrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Institut de Canc\u00e9rologie de Strasbourg Europe (ICANS), 67033 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1086\/322970","article-title":"Counterpoint: Invasive aspergillosis and the environment--rethinking our approach to prevention","volume":"33","author":"Hajjeh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-3401990","article-title":"Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"41","author":"Ledoux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2004.00047.x","article-title":"Nosocomial invasive aspergillosis in a heart transplant patient acquired during a break in the HEPA air filtration system","volume":"6","author":"Munoz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1086\/652761","article-title":"Geoclimatic influences on invasive aspergillosis after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"50","author":"Panackal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir771","article-title":"Outbreak of invasive aspergillosis after major heart surgery caused by spores in the air of the intensive care unit","volume":"54","author":"Pelaez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simyco.2020.05.002","article-title":"Classification of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Talaromyces and related genera (Eurotiales): An overview of families, genera, subgenera, sections, series and species","volume":"95","author":"Houbraken","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stud. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00683","article-title":"Aspergillus fumigatus-related species in clinical practice","volume":"7","author":"Lamoth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0253921","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02539-21","article-title":"Multicenter study of susceptibility of Aspergillus species isolated from Iranian university hospitals to seven antifungal agents","volume":"10","author":"Badiee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S35","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2010.505206","article-title":"Invasive aspergillosis in developing countries","volume":"49","author":"Chakrabarti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4150","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00570-11","article-title":"Molecular detection and species-specific identification of medically important Aspergillus species by real-time PCR in experimental invasive pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"49","author":"Walsh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S227","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201402-052PL","article-title":"The microbiome and the lung","volume":"11","author":"Cui","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12052","article-title":"Minireview: Host defence in invasive aspergillosis","volume":"56","author":"Roilides","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977493","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.977493","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in fungal infections: A seesaw battle in hosts","volume":"13","author":"Zhong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2014-206291","article-title":"The clinical spectrum of pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"70","author":"Kosmidis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bongomin, F., Lu, R.-Y., and Wang, Y. (2017). Global and multi-national prevalence of fungal diseases-estimate precision. J. Fungi., 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof3040057"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1086\/514341","article-title":"Liposomal amphotericin B as initial therapy for invasive mold infection: A randomized trial comparing a high-loading dose regimen with standard dosing (AmBiLoad trial)","volume":"44","author":"Cornely","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa020191","article-title":"Voriconazole versus amphotericin B for primary therapy of invasive aspergillosis","volume":"347","author":"Herbrecht","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1086\/597395","article-title":"Empirical versus preemptive antifungal therapy for high-risk, febrile, neutropenic patients: A randomized, controlled trial","volume":"48","author":"Cordonnier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2018039","DOI":"10.4084\/mjhid.2018.039","article-title":"Infections in myelodysplastic syndrome in relation to stage and therapy","volume":"10","author":"Leone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mediterr. J. Hematol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.18051","article-title":"Characterisation of infections in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia receiving venetoclax and a hypomethylating agent","volume":"197","author":"On","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"3221","article-title":"European guidelines for primary antifungal prophylaxis in adult haematology patients: Summary of the updated recommendations from the European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia","volume":"73","author":"Maertens","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-022-01556-7","article-title":"Infectious complications of targeted drugs and biotherapies in acute leukemia. Clinical practice guidelines by the European Conference on Infections in Leukemia (ECIL), a joint venture of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT), the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), the International Immunocompromised Host Society (ICHS) and the European Leukemia Net (ELN)","volume":"36","author":"Maschmeyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-020-04186-0","article-title":"Drug-drug interactions of newly approved small molecule inhibitors for acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"99","author":"Montesinos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e361","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(22)00073-4","article-title":"Antifungal prophylaxis in adult patients with acute myeloid leukaemia treated with novel targeted therapies: A systematic review and expert consensus recommendation from the European Hematology Association","volume":"9","author":"Stemler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S239","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780400025161","article-title":"Invasive aspergillosis in the hematologic and immunologic patient: New findings and key questions in leukemia","volume":"43","author":"Herbrecht","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stafylidis, C., Diamantopoulos, P., Athanasoula, E., Solomou, E., and Anastasopoulou, A. (2022). Acute lymphoblastic leukemia and invasive mold infections: A challenging field. J. Fungi. Basel, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8111127"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-018-3252-6","article-title":"Febrile events in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A prospective observational multicentric SEIFEM study (SEIFEM-2012\/B ALL)","volume":"97","author":"Cattaneo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colombo, A.L., Bergamasco, M.D., Nou\u00e9r, S.A., Castro, P.D.T.O.E., Pasqualotto, A.C., de Queiroz-Telles, F., Abdala, E., Ramos, J.F., Falci, D.R., and Nucci, M. (2022). Invasive aspergillosis in patients with acute leukemia: Comparison between acute myeloid and acute lymphoid leukemia. Mycopathologia.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-022-00684-z"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27915","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.27915","article-title":"Invasive fungal infections in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: Results from four Australian centres, 2003\u20132013","volume":"66","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kyriakidis, I., Vasileiou, E., Rossig, C., Roilides, E., Groll, A., and Tragiannidis, A. (2021). Invasive fungal diseases in children with hematological malignancies treated with therapies that target cell surface antigens: Monoclonal antibodies, immune checkpoint inhibitors and CAR T-cell therapies. J. Fungi Basel, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7030186"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.02.003","article-title":"ESCMID Study Group for Infections in Compromised Hosts (ESGICH) consensus document on the safety of targeted and biological therapies: An infectious diseases perspective (Agents targeting lymphoid cells surface antigens [I]: CD19, CD20 and CD52)","volume":"24","author":"Mikulska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2018029","DOI":"10.4084\/mjhid.2018.029","article-title":"Infectious risks and complications in adult leukemic patients receiving blinatumomab","volume":"10","author":"So","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mediterr. J. Hematol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix687","article-title":"Call for action: Invasive fungal infections associated with ibrutinib and other small molecule kinase inhibitors targeting immune signaling pathways","volume":"66","author":"Chamilos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Little, J.S., Weiss, Z.F., and Hammond, S.P. (2021). Invasive fungal infections and targeted therapies in hematological malignancies. J. Fungi., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7121058"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2019.219220","article-title":"Ibrutinib induces multiple functional defects in the neutrophil response against Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"105","author":"Blez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-11-818286","article-title":"Early-onset invasive aspergillosis and other fungal infections in patients treated with ibrutinib","volume":"131","author":"Ghez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy175","article-title":"Serious infections in patients receiving ibrutinib for treatment of lymphoid cancer","volume":"67","author":"Varughese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1068","article-title":"The epidemiology of fungal infections in patients with hematologic malignancies: The SEIFEM-2004 study","volume":"91","author":"Pagano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e108","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2016.151837","article-title":"Invasive fungal infections in chronic lymphoproliferative disorders: A monocentric retrospective study","volume":"102","author":"Tisi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13178","article-title":"Low rates of invasive fungal disease in patients with multiple myeloma managed with new generation therapies: Results from a multi-centre cohort study","volume":"64","author":"Lim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-020-04125-z","article-title":"Risk and impact of invasive fungal infections in patients with multiple myeloma","volume":"99","author":"Tsai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1700737","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for invasive fungal infections in allogeneic BMT recipients","volume":"19","author":"Jantunen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2018.09.028","article-title":"Mainly post-transplant factors are associated with invasive aspergillosis after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: A study from the Surveillance des Aspergilloses Invasives en France and Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Francophone de Greffe de Moelle et de Th\u00e9rapie Cellulaire","volume":"25","author":"Robin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2016.06.012","article-title":"Infection rates among acute leukemia patients receiving alternative donor hematopoietic cell transplantation","volume":"22","author":"Ballen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liberatore, C., Farina, F., Greco, R., Giglio, F., Clerici, D., Oltolini, C., Stanghellini, M.L., Barzaghi, F., Vezzulli, P., and Orsenigo, E. (2021). Breakthrough invasive fungal infections in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. J. Fungi. Basel, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7050347"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e216","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(20)30376-8","article-title":"Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for the treatment of lymphoid malignancies: Is there an excess risk for infection?","volume":"8","author":"Gudiol","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garner, W., Samanta, P., and Haidar, G. (2021). Invasive fungal infections after anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor-modified T-cell therapy: State of the evidence and future directions. J. Fungi., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7020156"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-07-793760","article-title":"Turtle. Infectious complications of CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor-modified T-cell immunotherapy","volume":"131","author":"Hill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy152","article-title":"Cytokine release syndrome grade as a predictive marker for infections in patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with chimeric antigen receptor T cells","volume":"67","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"45","article-title":"Pulmonary aspergillosis as opportunistic mycoses in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: Report from a tertiary care hospital in North India","volume":"11","author":"Kaur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Sci. Qassim"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1086\/317452","article-title":"Aspergillosis among people infected with human immunodeficiency virus: Incidence and survival. Adult and Adolescent Spectrum of HIV Disease Project","volume":"31","author":"Holding","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.114.1.251","article-title":"Pulmonary aspergillosis and invasive disease in AIDS: Review of 342 cases","volume":"114","author":"Mylonakis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldw009","article-title":"Chronic granulomatous disease","volume":"118","author":"Roos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e159","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir731","article-title":"Invasive mold infections in chronic granulomatous disease: A 25-year retrospective survey","volume":"53","author":"Blumental","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0802629","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4 polymorphisms and aspergillosis in stem-cell transplantation","volume":"359","author":"Bochud","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sainz, J., Lupi\u00e1\u00f1ez, C.B., Segura-Catena, J., Vazquez, L., R\u00edos, R., Oyonarte, S., Hemminki, K., F\u00f6rsti, A., and Jurado, M. (2012). Dectin-1 and DC-SIGN polymorphisms associated with invasive pulmonary Aspergillosis infection. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032273"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1086\/644619","article-title":"Association of mannose-binding lectin deficiency with acute invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients","volume":"49","author":"Lambourne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860779","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.860779","article-title":"Incorporating the detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with invasive aspergillosis into the clinic","volume":"12","author":"White","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-5454","article-title":"Pentraxin-3 polymorphisms and pulmonary fungal disease in non-neutropenic patients","volume":"8","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1086\/651262","article-title":"Invasive fungal infections among organ transplant recipients: Results of the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET)","volume":"50","author":"Pappas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000437434.42851.d4","article-title":"Pretransplant Aspergillus colonization of cystic fibrosis patients and the incidence of post-lung transplant invasive aspergillosis","volume":"97","author":"Luong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2018.02.006","article-title":"A strategy for prevention of fungal infections in lung transplantation: Role of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid galactomannan and fungal culture","volume":"37","author":"Husain","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/tri.12679","article-title":"10 years of prophylaxis with nebulized liposomal amphotericin B and the changing epidemiology of Aspergillus spp. infection in lung transplantation","volume":"29","author":"Peghin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transpl. Int."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-013-0380-y","article-title":"Anti-Aspergillus prophylaxis in lung transplantation: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Bhaskaran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12337","article-title":"Practice variation in Aspergillus prophylaxis and treatment among lung transplant centers: A national survey","volume":"17","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3062.2002.t01-2-02002.x","article-title":"The incidence of invasive aspergillosis among solid organ transplant recipients and implications for prophylaxis in lung transplants","volume":"4","author":"Minari","year":"2002","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2018.1518581","article-title":"Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with solid tumours: Risk factors and predictors of clinical outcomes","volume":"50","author":"Dandachi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5018","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.24559","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 45 patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: Retrospective analysis of 1711 lung cancer cases","volume":"115","author":"Yan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2015.276","article-title":"Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a patient with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer after treatment with gefitinib","volume":"33","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Korean J. Int. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2007.01.007","article-title":"Invasive aspergillosis associated with bevacizumab, a vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor","volume":"11","author":"Williams","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2004.11.022","article-title":"Randomized phase II trial comparing bevacizumab plus carboplatin and paclitaxel with carboplatin and paclitaxel alone in previously untreated locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"22","author":"Johnson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.01.033","article-title":"Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis mimicking organizing pneumonia after mTOR inhibitor therapy: A case report","volume":"69","author":"Iijima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1080\/17843286.2019.1629078","article-title":"Severe pulmonary infections complicating nivolumab treatment for lung cancer: A report of two cases","volume":"75","author":"Inthasot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Clin. Belg."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-018-0291-4","article-title":"Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis complicated by carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection during pembrolizumab immunotherapy for metastatic lung adenocarcinoma: Case report and review of the literature","volume":"184","author":"Oltolini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2019.08.004","article-title":"Checkpoint inhibition and infectious diseases: A good thing?","volume":"25","author":"Abers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw539","article-title":"The spectrum of serious infections among patients receiving imune checkpoint blockade for the treatment of melanoma","volume":"63","author":"Romero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06805.x","article-title":"Invasive aspergillosis in the intensive care unit","volume":"1272","author":"Dimopoulos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200401-093OC","article-title":"Invasive aspergillosis in critically ill patients without malignancy","volume":"170","author":"Meersseman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13274","article-title":"Invasive aspergillosis in critically ill patients: Review of definitions and diagnostic approaches","volume":"64","author":"Jenks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-003-1778-z","article-title":"Immunoparalysis as a cause for invasive aspergillosis?","volume":"29","author":"Hartemink","year":"2003","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2010.535030","article-title":"Invasive aspergillosis in patients with liver disease","volume":"49","author":"Falcone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.09.011","article-title":"Invasive aspergillosis in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"60","author":"Gustot","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30274-1","article-title":"Invasive aspergillosis in patients admitted to the intensive care unit with severe influenza: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Schauwvlieghe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3301","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1303049","article-title":"Influenza infection suppresses NADPH oxidase-dependent phagocytic bacterial clearance and enhances susceptibility to secondary methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection","volume":"192","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-012-2673-2","article-title":"Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is a frequent complication of critically ill H1N1 patients: A retrospective study","volume":"38","author":"Wauters","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e149","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30847-1","article-title":"Defining and managing COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis: The 2020 ECMM\/ISHAM consensus criteria for research and clinical guidance","volume":"21","author":"Koehler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00442-2","article-title":"Fungal infections in mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19 during the first wave: The French multicentre MYCOVID study","volume":"10","author":"Gangneux","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202009-3400OC","article-title":"Occurrence of invasive pulmonary fungal infections in patients with severe COVID-19 admitted to the ICU","volume":"203","author":"Fekkar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s40588-022-00184-0","article-title":"When to initiate antifungal treatment in COVID-19 patients with secondary fungal co-infection","volume":"9","author":"Pruthi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Clin. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.riam.2009.04.001","article-title":"Aspergillosis in patients treated with monoclonal antibodies","volume":"26","author":"Nedel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Iberoam. Micol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.137422","article-title":"Drug-specific risk of non-tuberculosis opportunistic infections in patients receiving anti-TNF therapy reported to the 3-year prospective French RATIO registry","volume":"70","author":"Tubach","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203318796294","article-title":"Invasive aspergillosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: A retrospective study on clinical characteristics and risk factors for mortality","volume":"27","author":"Hung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-016-0572-1","article-title":"Fungal infections and new biologic therapies","volume":"18","author":"Vallabhaneni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iii5","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt389","article-title":"Preventing invasive fungal disease in patients with haematological malignancies and the recipients of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation: Practical aspects","volume":"68","author":"Akan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2606.191570","article-title":"Cannabis use and fungal infections in a commercially insured population, United States, 2016","volume":"26","author":"Benedict","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06829.x","article-title":"Risk stratification for invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients","volume":"1272","author":"Herbrecht","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i5","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq437","article-title":"Risk assessment and prognostic factors for mould-related diseases in immunocompromised patients","volume":"66","author":"Pagano","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw326","article-title":"Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of aspergillosis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"63","author":"Patterson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.01.002","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of Aspergillus diseases: Executive summary of the 2017 ESCMID-ECMM-ERS guideline","volume":"24","author":"Ullmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-04-351601","article-title":"The strategy for the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis should depend on both the underlying condition and the leukocyte count of patients with hematologic malignancies","volume":"119","author":"Bergeron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1086\/509917","article-title":"Imaging findings in acute invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: Clinical significance of the halo sign","volume":"44","author":"Greene","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"TE01","article-title":"Pulmonary aspergillosis: What CT can offer before it is too late!","volume":"10","author":"Prasad","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2014.05.003","article-title":"Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in heart transplant recipients: Two radiologic patterns with a different prognosis","volume":"33","author":"Munoz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa205","article-title":"Validation by real-life data of the new radiological criteria of the revised and updated consensus definition for invasive fungal diseases","volume":"71","author":"Herbrecht","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, J., Wu, D., Liu, Y., Pan, S., Yan, J.L., Aram, J.A., Lou, Y.-J., Meng, H., Chen, X., and Zhang, X. (2019). Utility of CT assessment in hematology patients with invasive aspergillosis: A post-hoc analysis of phase 3 data. BMC Infect. Dis., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4039-7"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780701639546","article-title":"The use of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for the diagnosis and management of invasive mould infections","volume":"46","author":"Chamilos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcy128","article-title":"18F-FDG PET\/CT for invasive fungal infection in immunocompromised patients","volume":"111","author":"Treglia","year":"2018","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz1195","article-title":"How long do we need to treat an invasive mold disease in hematology patients? Factors influencing duration of therapy and future questions","volume":"71","author":"Lewis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2009.203","article-title":"Utility of early versus late fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the evaluation of new pulmonary infiltrates following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"45","author":"Shannon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bone Marrow. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.02.021","article-title":"Factors associated with coinfections in invasive aspergillosis: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"27","author":"Danion","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-016-0873-3","article-title":"Polymicrobial pulmonary infection in patients with hematological malignancies: Prevalence, co-pathogens, course and outcome","volume":"44","author":"Hardak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-009-0284-7","article-title":"Ulcerative and pseudomembranous Aspergillus tracheobronchitis in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"89","author":"Krenke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.123.3.800","article-title":"Aspergillus infection in lung transplant recipients with cystic fibrosis: Risk factors and outcomes comparison to other types of transplant recipients","volume":"123","author":"Helmi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1086\/313918","article-title":"Significance of aspergillemia in patients with cancer: A 10-year study","volume":"31","author":"Kontoyiannis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S155","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myy103","article-title":"How to make a fast diagnosis in invasive aspergillosis","volume":"57","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2013.11.002","article-title":"Identification of fungal microorganisms by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry","volume":"32","author":"Chalupova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myw116","article-title":"Aspergillus serology: Have we arrived yet?","volume":"55","author":"Richardson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2002.07.004","article-title":"Aspergillus galactomannan detection in the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in cancer patients","volume":"20","author":"Herbrecht","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2011.178","article-title":"ECIL recommendations for the use of biological markers for the diagnosis of invasive fungal diseases in leukemic patients and hematopoietic SCT recipients","volume":"47","author":"Marchetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bone Marrow. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.13792","article-title":"Diagnostic value of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid galactomannan assay for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in adults: A meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1086\/503427","article-title":"Diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis using a galactomannan assay: A meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1562892","article-title":"Role of non-culture-based tests, with an emphasis on galactomannan testing for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis","volume":"36","author":"Miceli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2330","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.06513-11","article-title":"Early serum galactomannan trend as a predictor of outcome of invasive aspergillosis","volume":"50","author":"Chai","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamoth, F. (2016). Galactomannan and 1,3-beta-d-glucan testing for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. J. Fungi. Basel, 2.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof2030022"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dichtl, K., Forster, J., Ormanns, S., Horns, H., Suerbaum, S., Seybold, U., and Wagener, J. (2020). Comparison of beta-D-glucan and galactomannan in serum for detection of invasive aspergillosis: Retrospective analysis with focus on early diagnosis. J. Fungi. Basel, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6040253"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2014.04.008","article-title":"The utility of bronchoalveolar lavage beta-D-glucan testing for the diagnosis of invasive fungal infections","volume":"69","author":"Rose","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myx091","article-title":"Diagnosis of aspergillosis by PCR: Clinical considerations and technical tips","volume":"56","author":"Barnes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patterson, T.F., and Donnelly, J.P. (2019). New concepts in diagnostics for invasive mycoses: Non-culture-based methodologies. J. Fungi. Basel, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof5010009"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2832","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00905-15","article-title":"Clinical performance of Aspergillus PCR for testing serum and plasma: A study by the European Aspergillus PCR Initiative","volume":"53","author":"White","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03216-14","article-title":"Validation of a new Aspergillus real-time PCR assay for direct detection of Aspergillus and azole resistance of Aspergillus fumigatus on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid","volume":"53","author":"Chong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoldx.2017.12.005","article-title":"Evaluation of two commercial real-time PCR kits for Aspergillus DNA detection in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"20","author":"Denis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1136\/mp.56.6.368","article-title":"Development of molecular methods for the identification of Aspergillus and emerging moulds in paraffin wax embedded tissue sections","volume":"56","author":"Paterson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Pathol. MP"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00740","article-title":"Overview of commercially available PCR assays for the detection of Aspergillus spp. DNA in patient samples","volume":"9","author":"Rath","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"268","article-title":"Performance of the AsperGenius(R) PCR assay for detecting azole resistant Aspergillus fumigatus in BAL fluids from allogeneic HSCT recipients: A prospective cohort study from Essen, West Germany","volume":"58","author":"Pelzer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_135","first-page":"CD009551","article-title":"Polymerase chain reaction blood tests for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised people","volume":"9","author":"Cruciani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-018-3251-5","article-title":"Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: Current diagnostic methodologies and a new molecular approach","volume":"37","author":"Moura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Resendiz-Sharpe, A., Van Holm, W., Merckx, R., Pauwels, M., Teughels, W., Lagrou, K., and Velde, G.V. (2022). Quantitative PCR effectively quantifies triazole-susceptible and triazole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus in mixed infections. J. Fungi. Basel, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8111120"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00068-08","article-title":"Development of an immunochromatographic lateral-flow device for rapid serodiagnosis of invasive aspergillosis","volume":"15","author":"Thornton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12881","article-title":"Point-of-care diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in non-neutropenic patients: Aspergillus Galactomannan Lateral Flow Assay versus Aspergillus-specific Lateral Flow Device test in bronchoalveolar lavage","volume":"62","author":"Jenks","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01913","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01913-18","article-title":"Diagnosing invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in hematology patients: A retrospective multicenter evaluation of a novel lateral flow device","volume":"57","author":"Mercier","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12704","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of the newly formatted lateral-flow device for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"61","author":"Hoenigl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1086\/323335","article-title":"Defining opportunistic invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients with cancer and hematopoietic stem cell transplants: An international consensus","volume":"34","author":"Ascioglu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1086\/588660","article-title":"Revised definitions of invasive fungal disease from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer\/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group (EORTC\/MSG) Consensus Group","volume":"46","author":"Walsh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz1008","article-title":"Revision and update of the consensus definitions of invasive fungal disease from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer and the Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium","volume":"71","author":"Donnelly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201111-1978OC","article-title":"A clinical algorithm to diagnose invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill patients","volume":"186","author":"Blot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-021-00827-3","article-title":"New clinical algorithm including fungal biomarkers to better diagnose probable invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in ICU","volume":"11","author":"Hamam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Intensive. Care"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06091-6","article-title":"Review of influenza-associated pulmonary aspergillosis in ICU patients and proposal for a case definition: An expert opinion","volume":"46","author":"Verweij","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2016.152900","article-title":"ECIL-6 guidelines for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, aspergillosis and mucormycosis in leukemia and hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients","volume":"102","author":"Tissot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e464","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(21)00190-7","article-title":"The current state of clinical mycology in Africa: A European Confederation of Medical Mycology and International Society for Human and Animal Mycology survey","volume":"3","author":"Driemeyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3062.1999.010406.x","article-title":"Amphotericin B and its new formulations: Pharmacologic characteristics, clinical efficacy, and tolerability","volume":"1","author":"Tiphine","year":"1999","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.4.8.1277","article-title":"The lipid formulations of amphotericin B","volume":"4","author":"Herbrecht","year":"2003","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_152","first-page":"3654","article-title":"Aerosolized amphotericin B inhalations as prophylaxis of invasive Aspergillus infections during prolonged neutropenia: Results of a prospective randomized multicenter trial","volume":"93","author":"Schwartz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1086\/586739","article-title":"Aerosolized liposomal amphotericin B for the prevention of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis during prolonged neutropenia: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"46","author":"Rijnders","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.11.004","article-title":"Aerosolized amphotericin B as prophylaxis for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: A meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Xia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2010-0290","article-title":"Outcome analysis of invasive aspergillosis in hematologic malignancy and hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients: The role of novel antimold azoles","volume":"16","author":"Ramos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(94)90023-X","article-title":"NIAID Mycoses Study Group multicenter trial of oral itraconazole therapy for invasive aspergillosis","volume":"97","author":"Denning","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu911","article-title":"Application of the 2008 definitions for invasive fungal diseases to the trial comparing voriconazole versus amphotericin B for therapy of invasive aspergillosis: A collaborative study of the Mycoses Study Group (MSG 05) and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Infectious Diseases Group","volume":"60","author":"Herbrecht","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-019-01127-8","article-title":"Adverse effects associated with long-term administration of azole antifungal agents","volume":"79","author":"Benitez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1086\/508774","article-title":"Treatment of invasive aspergillosis with posaconazole in patients who are refractory to or intolerant of conventional therapy: An externally controlled trial","volume":"44","author":"Walsh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00219-1","article-title":"Posaconazole versus voriconazole for primary treatment of invasive aspergillosis: A phase 3, randomised, controlled, non-inferiority trial","volume":"397","author":"Maertens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20136-3","article-title":"Prevention of invasive Aspergillus fungal infections with the suspension and delayed-release tablet formulations of posaconazole in patients with haematologic malignancies","volume":"8","author":"Leclerc","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.1.126-133.2006","article-title":"Posaconazole as salvage therapy for zygomycosis","volume":"50","author":"Greenberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e61","DOI":"10.1086\/500212","article-title":"Posaconazole is effective as salvage therapy in zygomycosis: A retrospective summary of 91 cases","volume":"42","author":"Hare","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01159-9","article-title":"Isavuconazole versus voriconazole for primary treatment of invasive mould disease caused by Aspergillus and other filamentous fungi (SECURE): A phase 3, randomised-controlled, non-inferiority trial","volume":"387","author":"Maertens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2018.1502659","article-title":"Systematic review and network meta-analysis of clinical outcomes associated with isavuconazole versus relevant comparators for patients with invasive aspergillosis","volume":"34","author":"Herbrecht","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00071-2","article-title":"Isavuconazole treatment for mucormycosis: A single-arm open-label trial and case-control analysis","volume":"16","author":"Marty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00399-19","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00399-19","article-title":"Echinocandins for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis: From laboratory to bedside","volume":"63","author":"Aruanno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1086\/423381","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of caspofungin for treatment of invasive aspergillosis in patients refractory to or intolerant of conventional antifungal therapy","volume":"39","author":"Maertens","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp355","article-title":"An EORTC Phase II study of caspofungin as first-line therapy of invasive aspergillosis in haematological patients","volume":"64","author":"Viscoli","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2009.334","article-title":"Caspofungin first-line therapy for invasive aspergillosis in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients: An European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer study","volume":"45","author":"Herbrecht","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bone Marrow. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01165-19","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01165-19","article-title":"Extended-interval dosing of rezafungin against azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"63","author":"Wiederhold","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-021-01611-0","article-title":"The antifungal pipeline: Fosmanogepix, ibrexafungerp, olorofim, opelconazole, and rezafungin","volume":"81","author":"Hoenigl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angulo, D.A., Alexander, B., Rautemaa-Richardson, R., Alastruey-Izquierdo, A., Hoenigl, M., Ibrahim, A.S., Ghannoum, M.A., King, T.R., Azie, N.E., and Walsh, T.J. (2022). Ibrexafungerp, a novel triterpenoid antifungal in development for the treatment of mold infections. J. Fungi., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8111121"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivero-Menendez, O., Soto-Debran, J., Cuenca-Estrella, M., and Alastruey-Izquierdo, A. (2021). In vitro activity of ibrexafungerp against a collection of clinical isolates of Aspergillus, including cryptic species and Cyp51A mutants, using EUCAST and CLSI methodologies. J. Fungi. Basel, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7030232"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz078","article-title":"In vitro activity of olorofim (F901318) against clinical isolates of cryptic species of Aspergillus by EUCAST and CLSI methodologies","volume":"74","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00129-19","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00129-19","article-title":"Efficacy of olorofim (F901318) against Aspergillus fumigatus, A. nidulans, and A. tanneri in murine models of profound neutropenia and chronic granulomatous disease","volume":"63","author":"Seyedmousavi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaw, K.J., and Ibrahim, A.S. (2020). Fosmanogepix: A review of the first-in-class broad spectrum agent for the treatment of invasive fungal infections. J. Fungi. Basel, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6040239"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11115","article-title":"Refractory Aspergillus pneumonia in patients with acute leukemia: Successful therapy with combination caspofungin and liposomal amphotericin","volume":"97","author":"Aliff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11479","article-title":"Efficacy and toxicity of caspofungin in combination with liposomal amphotericin B as primary or salvage treatment of invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancies","volume":"98","author":"Kontoyiannis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23109","article-title":"Liposomal amphotericin B in combination with caspofungin for invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancies: A randomized pilot study (Combistrat trial)","volume":"110","author":"Caillot","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1097\/01.tp.0000202421.94822.f7","article-title":"Combination of voriconazole and caspofungin as primary therapy for invasive aspergillosis in solid organ transplant recipients: A prospective, multicenter, observational study","volume":"81","author":"Singh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.7326\/M13-2508","article-title":"Combination antifungal therapy for invasive aspergillosis: A randomized trial","volume":"162","author":"Marr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Int. Med."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii3","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz037","article-title":"Standards of CARE: What is considered \u2018best practice\u2019 for the management of invasive fungal infections? A haematologist\u2019s and a mycologist\u2019s perspective","volume":"74","author":"Lagrou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanj, S.S., Omrani, A.S., Al-Abdely, H.M., Subhi, A., El Fakih, R., Abosoudah, I., Kanj, H., and Dimopoulos, G. (2022). Survival outcome of empirical antifungal therapy and the value of early initiation: A review of the last decade. J. Fungi., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8111146"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(82)90594-0","article-title":"Empiric antibiotic and antifungal therapy for cancer patients with prolonged fever and granulocytopenia","volume":"72","author":"Pizzo","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_186","unstructured":"Maertens, J., Lodewyck, T., Donnelly, J.P., Chantepie, S., Robin, C., Blijlevens, N., Turlure, P., Selleslag, D., Baron, F., and Aoun, M. (2022). Empiric versus pre-emptive antifungal strategy in high-risk neutropenic patients on fluconazole prophylaxis: A randomized trial of the European organization for Research and Treatment of cancer (EORTC 65091). Clin. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Journal of Fungi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/9\/2\/131\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:08:39Z","timestamp":1760119719000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/9\/2\/131"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"references-count":186,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jof9020131"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof9020131","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-608X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2309-608X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]}}}