{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T22:07:40Z","timestamp":1778191660834,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grant Agency of the Czech Republic","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21\u201317044S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21\u201317044S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grant Agency of the Czech Republic","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["109\/2019\/FVL"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109\/2019\/FVL"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Internal Grant Agency of the University of Veterinary Sciences Brno","award":["21\u201317044S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21\u201317044S"]}]},{"name":"Internal Grant Agency of the University of Veterinary Sciences Brno","award":["109\/2019\/FVL"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109\/2019\/FVL"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) may be a rare cause of granulomatous pneumonia in horses. The mortality of IPA is almost 100%; direct diagnostic tools in horses are needed. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum samples were collected from 18 horses, including individuals suffering from IPA (n = 1), equine asthma (EA, n = 12), and 5 healthy controls. Serum samples were collected from another 6 healthy controls. Samples of BALF (n = 18) were analyzed for Aspergillus spp. DNA, fungal galactomannan (GM), ferricrocin (Fc), triacetylfusarinin C (TafC), and gliotoxin (Gtx). Analysis of 24 serum samples for (1,3)-\u03b2-D-glucan (BDG) and GM was performed. Median serum BDG levels were 131 pg\/mL in controls and 1142 pg\/mL in IPA. Similar trends were observed in BALF samples for GM (Area under the Curve (AUC) = 0.941) and DNA (AUC = 0.941). The fungal secondary metabolite Gtx was detected in IPA BALF and lung tissue samples (86 ng\/mL and 2.17 ng\/mg, AUC = 1).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9020161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T04:22:16Z","timestamp":1674620536000},"page":"161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Diagnosis of Aspergillosis in Horses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4299-9169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radim","family":"Dobi\u00e1\u0161","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology and Mycology, Public Health Institute in Ostrava, 702 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petr","family":"Jahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Sciences, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarina","family":"T\u00f3thov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Sciences, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Dobe\u0161ov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Sciences, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6060-9454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denisa","family":"Vi\u0161\u0148ovsk\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7133-7044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rutuja","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palack\u00fd University, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1122-1098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton","family":"\u0160kr\u00edba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pavla","family":"Jaworsk\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology and Mycology, Public Health Institute in Ostrava, 702 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mi\u0161a","family":"\u0160kori\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Libor","family":"Podojil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Sciences, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"Kantorov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Public Health Institute in Ostrava, 702 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Mr\u00e1zek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Public Health Institute in Ostrava, 702 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Krej\u010d\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology and Mycology, Public Health Institute in Ostrava, 702 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, CA 95128, USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 95128, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8614-7059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladim\u00edr","family":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palack\u00fd University, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myv067","article-title":"Aspergillus and aspergilloses in wild and domestic animals: A global health concern with parallels to human disease","volume":"53","author":"Seyedmousavi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780400020089","article-title":"Aspergillosis in mammals and birds: Impact on veterinary medicine","volume":"43","author":"Tell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00140-18","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00140-18","article-title":"Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillosis in 2019","volume":"33","author":"Latge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.01.015","article-title":"Fungal diseases of horses","volume":"167","author":"Cafarchia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.100700","article-title":"Guttural pouch mycosis in horses: A retrospective study of 28 cases","volume":"171","author":"Dobesova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.103376","article-title":"Ligation of the ipsilateral common carotid artery and topical treatment for the prevention of epistaxis from guttural pouch mycosis in horses","volume":"178","author":"Cousty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12830","article-title":"Salpingopharyngeal fistula as a treatment for guttural pouch mycosis in seven horses","volume":"50","author":"Watkins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lepage, O.M., Di Francesco, P., Moulin, N., Gangl, M., Texier, G., Marchi, J., and Cador\u00e9, J.L. (2021). The effect of topical oxygen therapy in horses affected with mycosis of the guttural pouch: An experimental pilot study and a case series. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11113329"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879400600423","article-title":"Endocarditis and pulmonary aspergillosis in a horse","volume":"6","author":"Pace","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diag. Investig."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.145.1.16","article-title":"Sudden death of two horses associated with pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"145","author":"Johnson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01303","article-title":"Diagnostic aspects of veterinary and human Aspergillosis","volume":"9","author":"Elad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02383-08","article-title":"Sequencing and analysis of fungal rRNA operons for development of broad-range fungal PCR assays","volume":"75","author":"Khot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.2.662-668.2005","article-title":"Use of PCR targeting of internal transcribed spacer regions and single-stranded conformation polymorphism analysis of sequence variation in different regions of rrna genes in fungi for rapid diagnosis of mycotic keratitis","volume":"43","author":"Kumar","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0160kr\u00edba, A., Patil, R.H., Hub\u00e1\u010dek, P., Dobi\u00e1\u0161, R., Palyzov\u00e1, A., Mare\u0161ov\u00e1, H., Pluh\u00e1\u010dek, T., and Havl\u00ed\u010dek, V. (2020). Rhizoferrin glycosylation in Rhizopus microsporus. J. Fungi, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6020089"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6844","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c00170","article-title":"CycloBranch 2: Molecular formula annotations applied to imzML data sets in bimodal fusion and LC-MS data files","volume":"92","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"R Core Team (2020). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thiele, C., and Hirschfeld, G. (2020). Cutpointr: Improved estimation and validation of optimal cutpoints in R. arXiv.","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v098.i11"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Stevenson, M., Sergeant, E., Nunes, T., Heuer, C., Marshall, J., Sanchez, J., Thornton, R., Reiczigel, J., Robison-Cox, J., and Sebastiani, P. (2022, January 15). epiR: Tools for the Analysis of Epidemiological Data. R Package Version 2.0.33. Available online: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=epiR."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1991.199.05.589","article-title":"Pulmonary aspergillosis associated with acute enteritis in a horse","volume":"199","author":"Hattel","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1999.214.06.808","article-title":"Pulmonary aspergillosis in horses: 29 cases (1974\u20131997)","volume":"214","author":"Sweeney","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1987.tb00057.x","article-title":"Acute diffuse mycotic pneumonia in a 7-month-old colt","volume":"28","author":"Green","year":"1987","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1177\/030098588802500405","article-title":"Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis of horses: An association with acute enteritis","volume":"25","author":"Slocombe","year":"1988","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3292.1996.tb01688.x","article-title":"Acute pulmonary aspergillosis and severe enterocolitis in a quarter horse mare","volume":"8","author":"Rosenstein","year":"1996","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.tb02975.x","article-title":"Inflammatory airway disease of horses","volume":"21","author":"Hoffman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13824","article-title":"Inflammatory airway disease of horses--revised consensus statement","volume":"30","author":"Cardwell","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz1008","article-title":"Revision and update of the consensus definitions of invasive fungal disease from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer and the Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium","volume":"71","author":"Donnelly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.15591","article-title":"Consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of invasive aspergillosis, 2021","volume":"51","author":"Douglas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intern. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.01.002","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of Aspergillus diseases: Executive summary of the 2017 ESCMID-ECMM-ERS guideline","volume":"24","author":"Ullmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200704-606OC","article-title":"Galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid: A tool for diagnosing aspergillosis in intensive care unit patients","volume":"177","author":"Meersseman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.06423-11","article-title":"Detection of galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples of patients at risk for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: Analytical and clinical validity","volume":"50","author":"Theunissen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5434589","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5434589","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid galactomannan for invasive aspergillosis","volume":"2020","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.171140","article-title":"Applicability of the Platelia EIA\u00ae\u00a0Aspergillus test for the diagnosis of aspergilosis in penguins","volume":"79","author":"Cabana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Braz. J. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2012.00935.x","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of a blood and urine galactomannan antigen assay for diagnosis of systemic aspergillosis in dogs","volume":"26","author":"Garcia","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"635","article-title":"Impact of pre-analytical variables in the determination of serum galactomannan","volume":"55","author":"Monteiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12765","article-title":"Diagnostic value of serum galactomannan, (1,3)-\u03b2-d-glucan, and Aspergillus fumigatus-specific IgA and IgG assays for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in non-neutropenic patients","volume":"61","author":"Dobias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dobi\u00e1\u0161, R., \u0160kr\u00edba, A., Pluh\u00e1\u010dek, T., Pet\u0159\u00edk, M., Palyzov\u00e1, A., K\u00e1\u0148ov\u00e1, M., \u010cubov\u00e1, E., Hou\u0161\u0165, J., Nov\u00e1k, J., and Stevens, D.A. (2021). Noninvasive combined diagnosis and monitoring of Aspergillus and Pseudomonas infections: Proof of concept. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7090730"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.11.019","article-title":"High-volume culture and quantitative real-rime PCR for the detection of Aspergillus in sputum","volume":"26","author":"Vergidis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levesque, E., Rizk, F., Noorah, Z., Ait-Ammar, N., Cordonnier-Jourdin, C., El Anbassi, S., Bonnal, C., Azoulay, D., Merle, J.C., and Botterel, F. (2017). Detection of (1,3)-beta-d-Glucan for the diagnosis of invasive fungal infection in liver transplant recipients. Int. J. Molecul. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18040862"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03233-15","article-title":"Comparison of nonculture blood-based tests for diagnosing invasive Aspergillosis in an animal model","volume":"54","author":"White","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/14789450.2021.1912601","article-title":"Effects of antifungal agents on the fungal proteome: Informing on mechanisms of sensitivity and resistance","volume":"18","author":"Owens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000862","article-title":"Siderophores: A potential role as a diagnostic for invasive fungal disease","volume":"35","author":"Kriegl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dobi\u00e1\u0161, R., Jaworsk\u00e1, P., Skopelidou, V., Strako\u0161, J., Vi\u0161\u0148ovsk\u00e1, D., K\u00e1\u0148ov\u00e1, M., \u0160kr\u00edba, A., Lyskov\u00e1, P., Bartek, T., and Jan\u00ed\u010dkov\u00e1, I. (2022). Distinguishing invasive from chronic pulmonary infections: Host Pentraxin 3 and fungal siderophores in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. J. Fungi, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8111194"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lupt\u00e1kov\u00e1, D., Patil, H.R., Dobi\u00e1\u0161, R., Stevens, D.A., Pluh\u00e1\u010dek, T., Palyzov\u00e1, A., K\u00e1\u0148ov\u00e1, M., Navr\u00e1til, M., Vrba, Z., and Hub\u00e1\u010dek, P. (2023). Siderophore-based noninvasive differentiation of Aspergillus fumigatus colonization and invasion in pulmonary aspergillosis. Microbiol. Spectr., in press.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.04068-22"}],"container-title":["Journal of Fungi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/9\/2\/161\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:15:07Z","timestamp":1760120107000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/9\/2\/161"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jof9020161"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof9020161","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-608X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2309-608X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]]}}}