{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:16:58Z","timestamp":1791245818739,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":188,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]],"date-time":"2023-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004040","name":"KU Leuven Industrial Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C3\/20\/008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C3\/20\/008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004040","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004040","name":"KU Leuven Industrial Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1S43720N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1S43720N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004040","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Scientific Research Flanders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C3\/20\/008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C3\/20\/008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Scientific Research Flanders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1S43720N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1S43720N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to their eukaryotic heritage, the differences between a fungal pathogen\u2019s molecular makeup and its human host are small. Therefore, the discovery and subsequent development of novel antifungal drugs are extremely challenging. Nevertheless, since the 1940s, researchers have successfully uncovered potent candidates from natural or synthetic sources. Analogs and novel formulations of these drugs enhanced the pharmacological parameters and improved overall drug efficiency. These compounds ultimately became the founding members of novel drug classes and were successfully applied in clinical settings, offering valuable and efficient treatment of mycosis for decades. Currently, only five different antifungal drug classes exist, all characterized by a unique mode of action; these are polyenes, pyrimidine analogs, azoles, allylamines, and echinocandins. The latter, being the latest addition to the antifungal armamentarium, was introduced over two decades ago. As a result of this limited arsenal, antifungal resistance development has exponentially increased and, with it, a growing healthcare crisis. In this review, we discuss the original sources of antifungal compounds, either natural or synthetic. Additionally, we summarize the existing drug classes, potential novel candidates in the clinical pipeline, and emerging non-traditional treatment options.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9020171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T02:28:34Z","timestamp":1675045714000},"page":"171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["Sources of Antifungal Drugs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0791-2446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giel","family":"Vanreppelen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jurgen","family":"Wuyts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1542-897X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Van Dijck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Vandecruys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10947","article-title":"Emerging fungal threats to animal, plant and ecosystem health","volume":"484","author":"Fisher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.12896","article-title":"Current status of antifungal resistance and its impact on clinical practice","volume":"166","author":"Mellado","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. 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