{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T15:54:14Z","timestamp":1762876454646,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cladosporium infections have a poor prognosis in animals, most likely due to a lack of knowledge about diagnosis and treatment. In this study, we described a case of a lethal Cladosporium allicinum infection in a captive bullfrog (Pyxicephalus adspersus) in Europe. One adult male bullfrog was referred with clinical signs of lethargy and a cutaneous nodule. Fungal infection was suspected on cytology and confirmed by histology and cultural isolation. The mold was identified by molecular methods using partial sequencing of the TEF1\u03b1 gene and the ITS region of rDNA. Climbazole antifungal treatment was started but the frog died after 30 days, and necropsy was done. Pigmented hyphae and structures consistent with muriform bodies were found on a background of diffuse granulomatous inflammation at cytological and histopathological examinations. Fungal culture revealed the presence of pigmented fungi identified as Cladosporium allicinum only by partial sequencing of the TEF1\u03b1 gene. A focally extensive granuloma with intralesional hyphae and muriform bodies effacing the architecture of head, liver, kidneys, lungs, and large intestine were retrieved after necropsy. This study is the first Italian report of the occurrence of lethal C. allicinum infection in a frog and highlights the role of this Cladosporium sp. in chromoblastomycosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9020191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T01:53:54Z","timestamp":1675302834000},"page":"191","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Lethal Case of Disseminated Cladosporium allicinum Infection in a Captive African Bullfrog"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9465-2418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Grassi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"I-Vet Diagnostica Veterinaria, 25020 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia Romagna, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4689-5132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Gambini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I-Vet Diagnostica Veterinaria, 25020 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marianna","family":"Pantoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I-Vet Diagnostica Veterinaria, 25020 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Toscano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ambulatorio Veterinario Toscano, 10154 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Albertetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ambulatorio Veterinario Toscano, 10154 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deborah Maria","family":"Del Frassino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7410-8311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iniobong Chukwuebuka Ikenna","family":"Ugochukwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 400001, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5093-2525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orazio","family":"Romeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7518-476X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Otranto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy"},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6517833131, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5632-4472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Cafarchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3114\/sim0003","article-title":"The Genus Cladosporium","volume":"72","author":"Bensch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stud. 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