{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T03:13:52Z","timestamp":1792293232616,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":178,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coccidioidomycosis (CM) and paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) are systemic mycoses that are highly endemic in Latin America and have recently been included on the World Health Organization (WHO) Fungal Priority Pathogens List. Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii are recognized as etiological agents of CM, with peculiarities in their geographic distribution. The genus Paracoccidioides now includes Paracoccidioides lutzii and the Paracoccidioides brasiliensis complex, which encompasses four phylogenetic species. In both diseases, pulmonary signs and symptoms are the main reasons for patients to seek medical assistance, and they are frequently misdiagnosed as tuberculosis. In this paper, we present a critical view of the strategies for diagnosis and clinical management of CM and PCM. Over the past few decades, there has been an increase in the number of reports of endemic fungal infections in areas previously thought to be \u201cnon-endemic\u201d due to climate change and increased travel, among other factors. Learning to recognize their main epidemiological aspects and clinical manifestations is crucial so that clinicians can include them in the differential diagnosis of lung disease and avoid late diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9020218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T02:04:16Z","timestamp":1675821856000},"page":"218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Coccidioidomycosis and Paracoccidioidomycosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0360-9922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula Massaroni","family":"Pe\u00e7anha-Pietrobom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), S\u00e3o Paulo 04039032, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9306-1619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Tirado-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Service & Mycology Department, Hospital General de M\u00e9xico, \u201cDr. Eduardo Liceaga\u201d, Mexico City 06726, Mexico"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General de Zona 29, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 07950, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4170-4445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah Santos","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Infectious Diseases Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo (UFES), Vitoria 29043900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2045-3317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandro","family":"Bonifaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General de Zona 29, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 07950, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0793-8491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnaldo Lopes","family":"Colombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), S\u00e3o Paulo 04039032, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"785","article-title":"Epidemiology of Endemic Systemic Fungal Infections in Latin America","volume":"49","author":"Colombo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. 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