{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T23:58:59Z","timestamp":1793404739305,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Histoplasma capsulatum, the etiological agent for histoplasmosis, is a dimorphic fungus that grows as a mold in the environment and as a yeast in human tissues. The areas of highest endemicity lie within the Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys of North America and parts of Central and South America. The most common clinical presentations include pulmonary histoplasmosis, which can resemble community-acquired pneumonia, tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, or malignancy; however, certain patients can develop mediastinal involvement or progression to disseminated disease. Understanding the epidemiology, pathology, clinical presentation, and diagnostic testing performance is pivotal for a successful diagnosis. While most immunocompetent patients with mild acute or subacute pulmonary histoplasmosis should receive therapy, all immunocompromised patients and those with chronic pulmonary disease or progressive disseminated disease should also receive therapy. Liposomal amphotericin B is the agent of choice for severe or disseminated disease, and itraconazole is recommended in milder cases or as \u201cstep-down\u201d therapy after initial improvement with amphotericin B. In this review, we discuss the current epidemiology, pathology, diagnosis, clinical presentations, and management of pulmonary histoplasmosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9020236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T05:18:35Z","timestamp":1676006315000},"page":"236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Pulmonary Histoplasmosis: A Clinical Update"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Barros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph L.","family":"Wheat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MiraVista Diagnostics, 4705 Decatur Boulevard, Indianapolis, IN 46241, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chadi","family":"Hage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Lung Transplant, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2015.10.009","article-title":"Histoplasmosis","volume":"30","author":"Wheat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. 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