{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T14:20:14Z","timestamp":1791987614028,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mucormycosis is a rare but life-threatening fungal infection due to molds of the order Mucorales. The incidence has been increasing over recent decades. Worldwide, pulmonary mucormycosis (PM) presents in the lungs, which are the third main location for the infection after the rhino-orbito-cerebral (ROC) areas and the skin. The main risk factors for PM include hematological malignancies and solid organ transplantation, whereas ROC infections classically are classically favored by diabetes mellitus. The differences between the ROC and pulmonary locations are possibly explained by the activation of different mammalian receptors\u2014GRP78 in nasal epithelial cells and integrin \u03b21 in alveolar epithelial cells\u2014in response to Mucorales. Alveolar macrophages and neutrophils play a key role in the host defense against Mucorales. The diagnosis of PM relies on CT scans, cultures, PCR tests, and histology. The reversed halo sign is an early, but very suggestive, sign of PM in neutropenic patients. Recently, the serum PCR test showed a very encouraging performance for the diagnosis and follow-up of mucormycosis. Liposomal amphotericin B is the drug of choice for first-line therapy, together with correction of underlying disease and surgery when feasible. After a stable or partial response, the step-down treatment includes oral isavuconazole or posaconazole delayed release tablets until a complete response is achieved. Secondary prophylaxis should be discussed when there is any risk of relapse, such as the persistence of neutropenia or the prolonged use of high-dose immunosuppressive therapy. Despite these novelties, the mortality rate from PM remains higher than 50%. Therefore, future research must define the place for combination therapy and adjunctive treatments, while the development of new treatments is necessary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9030307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T02:01:51Z","timestamp":1677549711000},"page":"307","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["What Is New in Pulmonary Mucormycosis?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3907-0658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Danion","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHU de Strasbourg, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019ImmunoRhumatologie Mol\u00e9culaire, Inserm UMR_S 1109, 67000 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9596-662X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Coste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier R\u00e9gional et Universitaire de Brest, 29200 Brest, France"},{"name":"Inserm LaTIM, UMR 1101, Universit\u00e9 de Bretagne Occidentale, 29200 Brest, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Coralie","family":"Le Hyaric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHU de Strasbourg, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clea","family":"Melenotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, H\u00f4pital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1023-5597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederic","family":"Lamoth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Calandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, H\u00f4pital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5288-2904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dea","family":"Garcia-Hermoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR Mycoses Invasives, Groupe de Recherche Mycologie Translationnelle, Institut Pasteur, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5813-7497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vishukumar","family":"Aimanianda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR Mycoses Invasives, Groupe de Recherche Mycologie Translationnelle, Institut Pasteur, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanny","family":"Lanternier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, H\u00f4pital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"CNR Mycoses Invasives, Groupe de Recherche Mycologie Translationnelle, Institut Pasteur, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Lortholary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, H\u00f4pital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"CNR Mycoses Invasives, Groupe de Recherche Mycologie Translationnelle, Institut Pasteur, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2007.140087","article-title":"Population-Based Analysis of Invasive Fungal Infections, France, 2001\u20132010","volume":"20","author":"Bitar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. 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