{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T03:24:32Z","timestamp":1780370672262,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]],"date-time":"2023-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["2022R1I1A3068645"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1I1A3068645"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["2022M3H9A1082984"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M3H9A1082984"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education","award":["2022R1I1A3068645"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1I1A3068645"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education","award":["2022M3H9A1082984"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M3H9A1082984"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Science and ICT","award":["2022R1I1A3068645"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1I1A3068645"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Science and ICT","award":["2022M3H9A1082984"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M3H9A1082984"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Species of Lichtheimia are important opportunistic fungal pathogens in the order Mucorales that are isolated from various sources such as soil, indoor air, food products, feces, and decaying vegetables. In recent years, species of Lichtheimia have become an emerging causative agent of invasive mucormycosis. In Europe and USA, Lichtheimia are the second and third most common causal fungus of mucormycosis, respectively. Thus, the aim of this study was to survey the diversity of species of Lichtheimia hidden in poorly studied hosts, such as invertebrates, in Korea. Eight Lichtheimia strains were isolated from invertebrate samples. Based on morphology, physiology, and phylogenetic analyses of ITS and LSU rDNA sequence data, the strains were identified as L. hyalospora, L.\u00a0ornata, L. ramosa, and a novel species, L. koreana sp. nov. Lichtheimia koreana is characterized by a variable columellae, sporangiophores arising solitarily or up to three at one place from stolons, and slow growth on MEA and PDA at all temperatures tested. The new species grows best at 30 and 35 \u00b0C and has a maximum growth temperature of 40 \u00b0C. Detailed descriptions, illustrations, and a phylogenetic tree are provided.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9030317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T02:28:34Z","timestamp":1678069714000},"page":"317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Discovery of a New Lichtheimia (Lichtheimiaceae, Mucorales) from Invertebrate Niche and Its Phylogenetic Status and Physiological Characteristics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Thuong T. T.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Biological Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 Luiz Cabral Monteiro de Azevedo","family":"Santiago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. da Engenharia, s\/n, Recife 50740-4600, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul M.","family":"Kirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodiversity Informatics and Spatial Analysis, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5353-2586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyang Burm","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. da Engenharia, s\/n, Recife 50740-4600, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3767\/003158513X665070","article-title":"DNA barcoding in Mucorales: An inventory of biodiversity","volume":"30","author":"Walther","year":"2013","journal-title":"Persoonia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3767\/003158513X666259","article-title":"The family structure of the Mucorales: A synoptic revision based on comprehensive multigene-genealogies","volume":"30","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Persoonia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.5943\/mycosphere\/13\/1\/2","article-title":"Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa\u20142021","volume":"13","author":"Wijayawardene","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mycosphere"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.2.236","article-title":"Zygomycetes in human disease","volume":"13","author":"Ribes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walther, G., Wagner, L., and Kurzai, O. (2019). Updates on the taxonomy of Mucorales with an emphasis on clinically important taxa. J. Fungi, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof5040106"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00056-10","article-title":"Mucormycosis caused by unusual Mucormycetes, non-Rhizopus, -Mucor, and -Lichtheimia species","volume":"24","author":"Gomes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01744-09","article-title":"Species recognition and clinical relevance of the Zygomycetous genus Lichtheimia (syn. Absidia Pro Parte, Mycocladus)","volume":"48","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s11557-013-0920-8","article-title":"A new species of Lichtheimia (Mucoromycotina, Mucorales) isolated from Brazilian soil","volume":"12","author":"Santiago","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mycol. Prog."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4563","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.14752","article-title":"The geographical region of origin determines the phagocytic vulnerability of Lichtheimia strains","volume":"21","author":"Hassan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S245","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myz011","article-title":"Pathogenicity patterns of mucormycosis: Epidemiology, interaction with immune cells and virulence factors","volume":"57","author":"Hassan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1080\/00275514.1964.12018145","article-title":"The genus Absidia: Gongronella and cylindrical-spored species of Absidia","volume":"56","author":"Hesseltine","year":"1964","journal-title":"Mycologia"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycres.2007.07.002","article-title":"Revision of the genus Absidia (Mucorales, Zygomycetes) based on physiological, phylogenetic, and morphological characters; thermotolerant Absidia spp. form a coherent group, Mycocladiaceae fam. nov","volume":"111","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mycol. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"277","article-title":"Mycocladus vs. Lichtheimia, a correction (Lichtheimiaceae fam. nov., Mucorales, Mucoromycotina)","volume":"113","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mycol. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2023, January 20). Species Fungorum. Available online: https:\/\/www.speciesfungorum.org."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12230","article-title":"The pathogenic potential of the Lichtheimia genus revisited: Lichtheimia brasiliensis is a novel, non-pathogenic species","volume":"57","author":"Schwartze","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4807","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules16064807","article-title":"Lichtheimia blakesleeana as a new potencial producer of phytase and xylanase","volume":"16","author":"Neves","year":"2011","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00888-14","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00888-14","article-title":"De novo whole-genome sequence and genome annotation of Lichtheimia ramosa","volume":"5","author":"Linde","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Announc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2016.1256756","article-title":"Comparative analysis of nonvolatile and volatile metabolites in Lichtheimia ramosa cultivated in different growth media","volume":"81","author":"Chung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2013.06.006","article-title":"Isolation, identification and characterization of a novel high level \u03b2-glucosidase-producing Lichtheimia ramosa strain","volume":"2","author":"Leite","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-020-2689-0","article-title":"Biotransformation of fruit residues via solid state bioprocess using Lichtheimia ramosa","volume":"2","author":"Dantas","year":"2020","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2018.05.049","article-title":"Catalytic properties of cellulases and hemicellulases produced by Lichtheimia ramosa: Potential for sugarcane bagasse saccharification","volume":"122","author":"Garcia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-017-0494-y","article-title":"Taxonomic identification of the thermotolerant and fast-growing fungus Lichtheimia ramosa H71D and biochemical characterization of the thermophilic xylanase LrXynA","volume":"7","author":"Campos","year":"2017","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejbt.2015.05.007","article-title":"Production of \u03b2-glucosidase on solid-state fermentation by Lichtheimia ramosa in agroindustrial residues: Characterization and catalytic properties of the enzymatic extract","volume":"18","author":"Garcia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electron. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Production of enzymes from Lichtheimia ramosa using Brazilian savannah fruit wastes as substrate on solid state bioprocessess","volume":"16","author":"Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electron. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Souza, A.F., Galindo, H.M., de Lima, M.A.B., Ribeaux, D.R., Rodr\u00edguez, D.M., da Silva Andrade, R.F., Gusm\u00e3o, N.B., and de Campos-Takaki, G.M. (2020). Biotechnological strategies for chitosan production by Mucoralean strains and dimorphism using renewable substrates. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124286"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28811830753","DOI":"10.33448\/rsd-v11i8.30753","article-title":"Eco-friendly production of nutraceutical and cosmeceutical fatty acids by oleaginous fungus Lichtheimia hyalospora UCP 1266 using renewable substrate","volume":"11","author":"Lins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res. Soc. Dev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, T.T.T., Voigt, K., Santiago, A.L.C.M.A., Kirk, P.M., and Lee, H.B. (2021). Discovery of novel Backusella (Backusellaceae, Mucorales) isolated from invertebrates and toads in Cheongyang, Korea. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7070513"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, T.T.T., and Lee, H.B. (2022). Discovery of three new Mucor species associated with cricket insects in Korea. J. Fungi, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8060601"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.5642\/aliso.20082601.08","article-title":"The methods used by Dr. R. K. Benjamin, and other mycologists, to isolate Zygomycetes","volume":"26","author":"Benny","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aliso"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3767\/persoonia.2020.44.03","article-title":"A new species concept for the clinically relevant Mucor circinelloides complex","volume":"44","author":"Wagner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Persoonia"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J., and White, T.J. (1990). PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.1998.tb00321.x","article-title":"Molecular diagnostics of clinical strains of filamentous Basidiomycetes","volume":"41","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/02681219580000651","article-title":"Phylogenetic relationships of human-pathogenic Cladosporium (Xylohypha) species inferred from partial LS rRNA sequences","volume":"33","author":"Masclaux","year":"1995","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4238","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.172.8.4238-4246.1990","article-title":"Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several species of Cryptococus","volume":"172","author":"Vilgalys","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbx108","article-title":"MAFFT online service: Multiple sequence alignment, interactive sequence choice and visualization","volume":"20","author":"Katoh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brief. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw054","article-title":"MEGA7: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets","volume":"33","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1080\/10635150390235520","article-title":"A simple, fast and accurate method to estimate large phylogenies by maximum-likelihood","volume":"52","author":"Guindon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2109","article-title":"jModelTest 2: More models, new heuristics and parallel computing","volume":"9","author":"Darriba","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/sys029","article-title":"MrBayes 3.2: Efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space","volume":"61","author":"Ronquist","year":"2012","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1080\/00275514.1966.12018369","article-title":"Species of Absidia with ovoid sporangiospores. I","volume":"58","author":"Hesseltine","year":"1966","journal-title":"Mycologia"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822013005000027","article-title":"Mucorales from the semiarid of Pernambuco, Brazil","volume":"44","author":"Santiago","year":"2013","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-012-1437-6","article-title":"Zygomycota associated with traditional meju, a fermented soybean starting material for soy sauce and soybean paste","volume":"50","author":"Hong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1139\/b65-113","article-title":"A new species of Absidia from India","volume":"43","author":"Sarbhoy","year":"1965","journal-title":"Can. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-020-00451-y","article-title":"First case of rhinocerebral mucormycosis caused by Lichtheimia ornata, with a review of Lichtheimia infections","volume":"185","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/00362176785190111","article-title":"Species of Absidia with ovoid sporangiospores II","volume":"5","author":"Ellis","year":"1966","journal-title":"Sabouraudia"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"59","article-title":"Lichtheimia ramosa isolated from a young patient from an infected wound after a road traffic accident","volume":"19","author":"Neelaveni","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Acad. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01886-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01886-17","article-title":"Species identification and delineation of pathogenic Mucorales by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry","volume":"56","author":"Shao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949910","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.949910","article-title":"Case report: A rare case of pulmonary mucormycosis caused by Lichtheimia ramosa in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia and review of Lichtheimia infections in leukemia","volume":"12","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"000327","article-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis in neonate by Lichtheimia ramosa: A case study","volume":"4","author":"William","year":"2022","journal-title":"Access Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00653-19","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00653-19","article-title":"A revised species concept for opportunistic Mucor species reveals species-specific antifungal susceptibility profiles","volume":"63","author":"Wagner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1002\/jib.467","article-title":"Analysis of the mould microbiome and exogenous enzyme production in Maotai-favor Daqu","volume":"124","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Inst. Brew"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000306","article-title":"Fungal communities in pressmud composting harbour beneficial and detrimental fungi for human welfare","volume":"162","author":"Oliveira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-019-00152-9","article-title":"Inhibition of growth and ochratoxin A production in Aspergillus species by fungi isolated from coffee beans","volume":"50","author":"Furuie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03253183","article-title":"Fungi associated with the traditional starter cultures used for rice wine in Korea","volume":"54","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.21-0499","article-title":"Striatal necrosis caused by Lichtheimia ramosa in a neonatal calf","volume":"83","author":"Iwanaga","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.17221\/8\/2020-VETMED","article-title":"Systemic mucormycosis caused by Lichtheimia ramosa in a pregnant cow","volume":"65","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funbio.2018.04.008","article-title":"Diversity of mucoralean fungi in soils of papaya (Carica papaya l.) producing regions in Mexico","volume":"122","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fungal Biol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2018.02.004","article-title":"Real-time polymerase chain reaction detection of Lichtheimia species in bandages associated with cutaneous mucormycosis in burn patients","volume":"99","author":"Rocchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"459","article-title":"Occurrence of moulds associated with ovine raw milk and cheeses of the Spanish region of Castilla La Mancha","volume":"68","author":"Palmero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Dairy Technol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funeco.2013.05.003","article-title":"DNA barcodes for marine fungal identification and discovery","volume":"6","author":"Velmurugan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fungal Ecol."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"73","article-title":"Mucormycosis in Cairo, Egypt: Review of 10 reported cases","volume":"52","author":"Zaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Fungi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/9\/3\/317\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:46:56Z","timestamp":1760122016000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/9\/3\/317"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jof9030317"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof9030317","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-608X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2309-608X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]]}}}