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Trust","award":["304902\/2020-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["304902\/2020-9"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sporotrichosis is the main subcutaneous mycosis worldwide transmitted by animal or plant vectors and often escalates to outbreaks or epidemics. The current cat-transmitted sporotrichosis driven by Sporothrix brasiliensis has become a significant public health issue in South America. Transmission dynamics remain enigmatic due to the lack of development of polymorphic markers for molecular epidemiological analysis. This study used a high-throughput mining strategy to characterize simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers from Sporothrix genomes. A total of 118,140\u2013143,912 SSR loci were identified (82,841\u201398,369 unique markers), with a 3651.55\u20133804.65 SSR\/Mb density and a majority of dinucleotides motifs (GC\/CG). We developed a panel of 15 highly polymorphic SSR markers suitable for genotyping S. brasiliensis, S. schenckii, and S. globosa. PCR amplification revealed 240 alleles in 180 Sporothrix isolates with excellent polymorphic information content (PIC = 0.9101), expected heterozygosity (H = 0.9159), and discriminating power (D = 0.7127), supporting the effectiveness of SSR markers in uncovering cryptic genetic diversity. A systematic population genetic study estimated three clusters, corresponding to S. brasiliensis (population 1, n = 97), S. schenckii (population 2, n = 49), and S. globosa (population 3, n = 34), with a weak signature of mixed ancestry between populations 1 and 2 or 3 and 2. Partitioning of genetic variation via AMOVA revealed highly structured populations (\u03a6PT = 0.539; Nm = 0.213; p &lt; 0.0001), with approximately equivalent genetic variability within (46%) and between (54%) populations. Analysis of SSR diversity supports Rio de Janeiro (RJ) as the center of origin for contemporary S. brasiliensis infections. The recent emergence of cat-transmitted sporotrichosis in northeastern Brazil indicates an RJ-Northeast migration resulting in founder effects during the introduction of diseased animals into sporotrichosis-free areas. Our results demonstrated high cross-species transferability, reproducibility, and informativeness of SSR genetic markers, helping dissect deep and fine-scale genetic structures and guiding decision making to mitigate the harmful effects of the expansion of cat-transmitted sporotrichosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9030354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T05:22:59Z","timestamp":1678857779000},"page":"354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["High-Throughput Microsatellite Markers Development for Genetic Characterization of Emerging Sporothrix Species"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4237-5017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiza Chaves de Miranda Leonhardt","family":"Losada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), S\u00e3o Paulo 04023062, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), S\u00e3o Paulo 04023062, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruan Campos","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), S\u00e3o Paulo 04023062, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamile Ambr\u00f3sio","family":"de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), S\u00e3o Paulo 04023062, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5622-1916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferry","family":"Hagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Mycology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Sciencepark 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1862-6402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew C.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Center for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6734-361X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bram","family":"Spruijtenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboud University Medical Center\/Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3253-6080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacques F.","family":"Meis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboud University Medical Center\/Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, and Excellence Center for Medical Mycology, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5841-6461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theun","family":"de Groot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboud University Medical Center\/Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4170-4445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah Santos","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Postgraduate Program, Center for Research in Medical Mycology, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo (UFES), Vit\u00f3ria 29043900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2360-2675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Negroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycology Unit of the Infectious Diseases Hospital Francisco Javier Mu\u00f1iz, Reference Center of Mycology of Buenos Aires City, Uspallata, Buenos Aires 2272, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Kano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology (TIMM), 359 Otsuka, Tokyo 192-0395, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2045-3317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandro","family":"Bonifaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Service, Mycology Department, Hospital General de M\u00e9xico, \u201cDr. Eduardo Liceaga\u201d, Balmis 148, Colonia Doctores, Mexico City 03020, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoilo Pires","family":"de Camargo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), S\u00e3o Paulo 04023062, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), S\u00e3o Paulo 04023062, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0891-4563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anderson Messias","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), S\u00e3o Paulo 04023062, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), S\u00e3o Paulo 04023062, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.2017279","article-title":"Sporotrichosis: An update on epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, laboratory and clinical therapeutics","volume":"92","author":"Macedo","year":"2017","journal-title":"An. 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