{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T20:09:35Z","timestamp":1790712575726,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]],"date-time":"2023-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The in vitro\/in vivo correlation of antifungal combination testing is necessary in order to assess the efficacy of combination regimens. We, therefore, attempted to correlate in vitro chequerboard testing of posaconazole (POS) and amphotericin B (AMB) with the in vivo outcome of combination therapy against experimental candidiasis in a neutropenic murine model. The AMB + POS combination was tested against a Candida albicans isolate. In vitro, a broth microdilution 8 \u00d7 12 chequerboard method with serial two-fold drug dilutions was used. In vivo, CD1 female neutropenic mice with experimental disseminated candidiasis were treated with i.p. AMB and p.o. POS alone and in combination at three effective doses (ED20, ED50 and ED80 corresponding to 20%, 50% and 80% of maximal effect, respectively). CFU\/kidneys after 2 days were determined. The pharmacodynamic interactions were assessed based on Bliss independence interaction analysis. In vitro, a Bliss antagonism of \u221223% (\u221223% to \u221222%) was observed at 0.03\u20130.125 mg\/L of AMB with 0.004\u20130.015 mg\/L of POS, while a Bliss synergy of 27% (14%\u201358%) was observed at 0.008\u20130.03 mg\/L of AMB with 0.000015\u20130.001 mg\/L of POS. In vivo, Bliss synergy (13 \u00b1 4%) was found when an AMB ED20 of 1 mg\/kg was combined with all POS ED 0.2\u20130.9 mg\/kg, while Bliss antagonism (35\u201383%) was found for the combinations of AMB ED50 2 mg\/kg and ED80 3.2 mg\/kg with POS ED80 of 0.9 mg\/kg. Free drug serum levels of POS and AMB in in vivo synergistic and antagonistic combinations were correlated with the in vitro synergistic and antagonistic concentrations, respectively. Both synergistic and antagonistic interactions were found for the AMB + POS combination. POS compromised the efficacy of high effective AMB doses and enhanced low ineffective AMB doses. In vitro concentration-dependent interactions were correlated with in vivo dose-dependent interactions of the AMB + POS combination. In vivo interactions occurred at free drug serum levels close to in vitro interacting concentrations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9040434","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T02:32:27Z","timestamp":1680489147000},"page":"434","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["In Vitro\u2013In Vivo Correlation of Posaconazole\u2013Amphotericin B Combination against Candida albicans: In Vitro Interacting Concentrations Are Associated with In Vivo Free Drug Levels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8869-1509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Meletiadis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria-Ioanna","family":"Beredaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antigoni","family":"Elefanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Spyros","family":"Pournaras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5042-6251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anouk","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Haaglanden Medisch Centrum, 2512 VA The Hague, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"24","article-title":"Combination antifungal therapy: Where are we now, and where are we going?","volume":"18","author":"Marr","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.3.693-715.2004","article-title":"Combination antifungal therapy","volume":"48","author":"Johnson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob. 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