{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T11:38:50Z","timestamp":1784547530346,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FC 2015-02-834"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FC 2015-02-834"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Ciencia de Frontera 2019-6380"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ciencia de Frontera 2019-6380"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CONACYT-M\u00e9xico"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CONACYT-M\u00e9xico"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Red Tem\u00e1tica Glicociencia en Salud","award":["FC 2015-02-834"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FC 2015-02-834"]}]},{"name":"Red Tem\u00e1tica Glicociencia en Salud","award":["Ciencia de Frontera 2019-6380"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ciencia de Frontera 2019-6380"]}]},{"name":"Red Tem\u00e1tica Glicociencia en Salud","award":["CONACYT-M\u00e9xico"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CONACYT-M\u00e9xico"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sporotrichosis is a human and animal fungal infection distributed worldwide that is caused by the thermodimorphic species of the Sporothrix pathogenic clade, which includes Sporothrix brasiliensis, Sporothrix schenckii, and Sporothrix globosa. The cell wall composition and the immune response against the Sporothrix species have been studied mainly in S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii, whilst little is known about the S. globosa cell wall and the immune response that its components trigger. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to analyze the cell wall composition of S. globosa in three morphologies (germlings, conidia, and yeast-like cells) and the differences in cytokine production when human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) interact with these morphotypes, using S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis as a comparison. We found that S. globosa conidia and yeast-like cells have a higher cell wall chitin content, while all three morphologies have a higher \u03b2-1,3-glucan content, which was found most exposed at the cell surface when compared to S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis. In addition, S. globosa has lower levels of mannose- and rhamnose-based glycoconjugates, as well as of N- and O-linked glycans, indicating that this fungal cell wall has species-specific proportions and organization of its components. When interacting with PBMCs, S. brasiliensis and S. globosa showed a similar cytokine stimulation profile, but with a higher stimulation of IL-10 by S. globosa. Additionally, when the inner cell wall components of S. globosa were exposed at the surface or N- and O-glycans were removed, the cytokine production profile of this species in its three morphotypes did not significantly change, contrasting with the S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis species that showed different cytokine profiles depending on the treatment applied to the walls. In addition, it was found that the anti-inflammatory response stimulated by S. globosa was dependent on the activation of dectin-1, mannose receptor, and TLR2, but not TLR4. All of these results indicate that the cell wall composition and structure of the three Sporothrix species in the three morphologies are different, affecting their interaction with human PBMCs and generating species-specific cytokine profiles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9040448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T08:41:52Z","timestamp":1680770512000},"page":"448","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Differential Recognition of Clinically Relevant Sporothrix Species by Human Mononuclear Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Laura C.","family":"Garc\u00eda-Carnero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s\/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato 36050, Gto., Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5626-2892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Duncker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Glicobiolog\u00eda Humana y Diagn\u00f3stico Molecular, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Din\u00e1mica Celular, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias B\u00e1sicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Mor., Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"G\u00f3mez-Gaviria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s\/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato 36050, Gto., Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6973-0595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9ctor M.","family":"Mora-Montes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s\/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato 36050, Gto., Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165rv113","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004404","article-title":"Hidden killers: Human fungal infections","volume":"4","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. 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