{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T15:29:50Z","timestamp":1791041390641,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Intramural Research Program of the NIH and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)","award":["R21AI152499"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI152499"]}]},{"name":"Intramural Research Program of the NIH and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)","award":["R01AI150181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI150181"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The endemic fungal infection, coccidioidomycosis, occurs after inhalation of one or very few Coccidioides spp. spores. Infections produce diverse clinical manifestations, ranging from insignificant to extremely destructive, even fatal. Approaches to understanding this range of consequences have traditionally categorized patients into a small number of groups (asymptomatic, uncomplicated self-limited, fibro-cavitary, and extra-thoracic disseminated) and then looked for immunologic differences among them. Recently, variants within genes of innate pathways have been found to account, in part, for infections that result in disseminated disease. This discovery raises the very attractive theory that, in patients without severe immunosuppression, much of the disease spectrum can be accounted for by various combinations of such deleterious variants in innate pathways. In this review, we summarize what is known about genetic determinants that are responsible for the severity of coccidioidal infections and how complex innate genetic differences among different people might account for the spectrum of disease observed clinically.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9050554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T04:29:01Z","timestamp":1683779341000},"page":"554","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Genetic and Other Determinants for the Severity of Coccidioidomycosis: A Clinician\u2019s Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7882-1883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John N.","family":"Galgiani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Valley Fever Center for Excellence, College of Medicine-Tucson, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine-Tucson, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"},{"name":"Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine-Tucson, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"},{"name":"BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6841-2122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy P.","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel A.","family":"Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Valley Fever Center for Excellence, College of Medicine-Tucson, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"},{"name":"BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9985-9565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jatin M.","family":"Vyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven M.","family":"Holland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"853","article-title":"Coccidioides infection (Coccidioidomycosis). 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