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Despite being essential, the availability of this metal is low in aerobic environments. Additionally, mammalian hosts evolved strategies to restrict iron from invading microorganisms. In this scenario, the survival of pathogenic fungi depends on high-affinity iron uptake mechanisms. Here, we show that the production of siderophores and the reductive iron acquisition system (RIA) are employed by Cladophialophora carrionii under iron restriction. This black fungus is one of the causative agents of chromoblastomycosis, a neglected subcutaneous tropical disease. Siderophore biosynthesis genes are arranged in clusters and, interestingly, two RIA systems are present in the genome. Orthologs of putative siderophore transporters were identified as well. Iron starvation regulates the expression of genes related to both siderophore production and RIA systems, as well as of two transcription factors that regulate iron homeostasis in fungi. A chrome azurol S assay demonstrated the secretion of hydroxamate-type siderophores, which were further identified via RP-HPLC and mass spectrometry as ferricrocin. An analysis of cell extracts also revealed ferricrocin as an intracellular siderophore. The presence of active high-affinity iron acquisition systems may surely contribute to fungal survival during infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9070727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]],"date-time":"2023-07-06T00:54:41Z","timestamp":1688604881000},"page":"727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Iron Starvation Induces Ferricrocin Production and the Reductive Iron Acquisition System in the Chromoblastomycosis Agent Cladophialophora carrionii"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7754-4047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre Melo","family":"Bail\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Goi\u00e1s, Goi\u00e2nia 74690-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kassyo Lobato Potenciano da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Goi\u00e1s, Goi\u00e2nia 74690-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dayane","family":"Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Goi\u00e1s, Goi\u00e2nia 74690-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beatrix","family":"Lechner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology\/Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 795J+RF Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1262-9976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Herbert","family":"Lindner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biochemistry\/Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 795J+RF Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2472-9878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hubertus","family":"Haas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology\/Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 795J+RF Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9lia Maria Almeida","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Goi\u00e1s, Goi\u00e2nia 74690-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2053-204X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirelle Garcia","family":"Silva-Bail\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Goi\u00e1s, Goi\u00e2nia 74690-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02829934","article-title":"A precious metal: Iron, an essential nutrient for all cells","volume":"1","author":"Cairo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genes Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2012.10.001","article-title":"Insight into the evolution of the iron oxidation pathways","volume":"1827","author":"Ilbert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. 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