{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T17:05:08Z","timestamp":1773075908032,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]],"date-time":"2023-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro\u2014Brazil (FAPERJ)","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNPq)","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brazil (CAPES)","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cryptococcosis is a systemic mycosis affecting immunosuppressed individuals, caused by various Cryptococcus species. The current treatment utilizes a combination of antifungal drugs, but issues such as nephrotoxicity, restricted or limited availability in certain countries, and resistance limit their effectiveness. Repurposing approved drugs presents a viable strategy for developing new antifungal options. This study investigates the potential of glatiramer acetate (Copaxone\u00ae) as a chemotherapy candidate for Cryptococcus neoformans infection. Various techniques are employed to evaluate the effects of glatiramer acetate on the fungus, including microdilution, XTT analysis, electron and light microscopy, and physicochemical measurements. The results demonstrate that glatiramer acetate exhibits antifungal properties, with an IC50 of 0.470 mg\/mL and a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2.5 mg\/mL. Furthermore, it promotes enhanced cell aggregation, facilitates biofilm formation, and increases the secretion of fungal polysaccharides. These findings indicate that glatiramer acetate not only shows an antifungal effect but also modulates the key virulence factor\u2014the polysaccharide capsule. In summary, repurposing glatiramer acetate as a potential chemotherapy option offers new prospects for combating C. neoformans infection. It addresses the limitations associated with current antifungal therapies by providing an alternative treatment approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9080783","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T01:09:01Z","timestamp":1690333741000},"page":"783","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Assessing the In Vitro Potential of Glatiramer Acetate (Copaxone\u00ae) as a Chemotherapeutic Candidate for the Treatment of Cryptococcus neoformans Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8541-3183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vinicius","family":"Alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biof\u00edsica de Fungos, Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro Henrique","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biof\u00edsica de Fungos, Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruna","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biof\u00edsica de Fungos, Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4730-0815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iara Bastos","family":"de Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biof\u00edsica de Fungos, Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luiza","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biof\u00edsica de Fungos, Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina Takiya","family":"Maeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Fisiopatologia, Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5478-9006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Glauber Ribeiro","family":"de Sousa Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biof\u00edsica de Fungos, Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5875-9886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Frases","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biof\u00edsica de Fungos, Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"},{"name":"Rede Micologia RJ, FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1245","article-title":"Deciphering the Model Pathogenic Fungus Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"3","author":"Idnurm","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. 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