{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T05:13:30Z","timestamp":1793682810962,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":377,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Scientific Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32200168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32200168"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Scientific Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20210302124039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210302124039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Scientific Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020-PT320-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-PT320-005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Basic Research Projects of Natural Sciences in Shanxi Province","award":["32200168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32200168"]}]},{"name":"the Basic Research Projects of Natural Sciences in Shanxi Province","award":["20210302124039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210302124039"]}]},{"name":"the Basic Research Projects of Natural Sciences in Shanxi Province","award":["2020-PT320-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-PT320-005"]}]},{"name":"Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["32200168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32200168"]}]},{"name":"Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["20210302124039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210302124039"]}]},{"name":"Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["2020-PT320-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-PT320-005"]}]},{"name":"federal funds from the Intramural Research Program of the United States National Institutes of Health Clinical Center","award":["32200168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32200168"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04vfsmv21","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"federal funds from the Intramural Research Program of the United States National Institutes of Health Clinical Center","award":["20210302124039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210302124039"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04vfsmv21","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"federal funds from the Intramural Research Program of the United States National Institutes of Health Clinical Center","award":["2020-PT320-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-PT320-005"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04vfsmv21","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing morbidity and mortality of life-threatening Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in immunocompromised people poses a global concern, prompting the World Health Organization to list it as one of the 19 priority invasive fungal diseases, calling for increased research and public health action. In response to this initiative, we provide this review on the epidemiology of PCP in non-HIV patients with various immunodeficient conditions, including the use of immunosuppressive agents, cancer therapies, solid organ and stem cell transplantation, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, inherited or primary immunodeficiencies, and COVID-19. Special attention is given to the molecular epidemiology of PCP outbreaks in solid organ transplant recipients; the risk of PCP associated with the increasing use of immunodepleting monoclonal antibodies and a wide range of genetic defects causing primary immunodeficiency; the trend of concurrent infection of PCP in COVID-19; the prevalence of colonization; and the rising evidence supporting de novo infection rather than reactivation of latent infection in the pathogenesis of PCP. Additionally, we provide a concise discussion of the varying effects of different immunodeficient conditions on distinct components of the immune system. The objective of this review is to increase awareness and knowledge of PCP in non-HIV patients, thereby improving the early identification and treatment of patients susceptible to PCP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9080812","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T09:32:35Z","timestamp":1690882355000},"page":"812","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Trends in the Epidemiology of Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Immunocompromised Patients without HIV Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ting","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Pneumoconiosis, Key Laboratory of Prophylaxis and Treatment and Basic Research of Respiratory Diseases of Shanxi Province, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Respiratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaomei","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Pneumoconiosis, Key Laboratory of Prophylaxis and Treatment and Basic Research of Respiratory Diseases of Shanxi Province, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Respiratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6078-5730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Care Medicine Department, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii as the cause of human disease: Historical perspective and magnitude of the problem: Introductory remarks","volume":"43","author":"Gajdusek","year":"1976","journal-title":"Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-80-1-83","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the United States. Epidemiologic, diagnostic, and clinical features","volume":"80","author":"Walzer","year":"1974","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"114","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among patients with neoplastic disease","volume":"7","author":"Sepkowitz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Semin. Respir. Infect."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.4065\/71.1.5","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Associated illness and prior corticosteroid therapy","volume":"71","author":"Yale","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2436","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1995.00430220094010","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients without AIDS, 1980 through 1993. An analysis of 78 cases","volume":"155","author":"Arend","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.118.3.704","article-title":"Management and outcome patterns for adult Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, 1985 to 1995: Comparison of HIV-associated cases to other immunocompromised states","volume":"118","author":"Mansharamani","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy776","article-title":"Estimation of direct healthcare costs of fungal diseases in the United States","volume":"68","author":"Benedict","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofab593","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab593","article-title":"Prevalence and healthcare burden of fungal infections in the United States, 2018","volume":"9","author":"Rayens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01112-0","article-title":"Evolution of the human pathogenic lifestyle in fungi","volume":"7","author":"Rokas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw155","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: Still a concern in patients with haematological malignancies and stem cell transplant recipients","volume":"71","author":"Cordonnier","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-0223","article-title":"Clinical picture of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in cancer patients","volume":"132","author":"Bollee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1007\/s10156-012-0441-4","article-title":"Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for the survival of Pneumocystis pneumonia patients without human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"18","author":"Asai","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.2.573","article-title":"Acute respiratory failure due to Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients without human immunodeficiency virus infection: Outcome and associated features","volume":"128","author":"Festic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.03.018","article-title":"Pneumocystis pneumonia suspected cases in 604 non-HIV and HIV patients","volume":"46","author":"Bienvenu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"78","article-title":"An unusual case of severe Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP) presenting as \u201crecurrent cytokine storm\u2019\u2019 following COVID-19 infection","volume":"69","author":"Chakravarthy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Physicians India"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00009","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00009-18","article-title":"A molecular window into the biology and epidemiology of Pneumocystis spp","volume":"31","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"13","article-title":"Pneumocystis jiroveci n. sp. from man: Morphology, physiology, and immunology in relation to pathology","volume":"43","author":"Frenkel","year":"1976","journal-title":"Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2005.00072.x","article-title":"Pneumocystis and Trypanosoma cruzi: Nomenclature and typifications","volume":"53","author":"Redhead","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Eukaryot. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.26921-0","article-title":"Phylogenetic identification of Pneumocystis murina sp. nov., a new species in laboratory mice","volume":"150","author":"Keely","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"89S","article-title":"Pneumocystis pneumonia, an immunodeficiency-dependent disease (IDD): A critical historical overview","volume":"46","author":"Frenkel","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Eukaryot. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1080\/15572536.2005.11832942","article-title":"Molecular and phenotypic description of Pneumocystis wakefieldiae sp. nov., a new species in rats","volume":"96","author":"Cushion","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mycologia"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2006.00037.x","article-title":"Pneumocystis oryctolagi sp. nov., an uncultured fungus causing pneumonia in rabbits at weaning: Review of current knowledge, and description of a new taxon on genotypic, phylogenetic and phenotypic bases","volume":"30","author":"Chabe","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Ma, L., Ciss\u00e9, O.H., Kovacs, J.A., and Pneumocystis canis C (2023, July 20). Weissenbacher-Lang ex L. Ma, O.H. Available online: http:\/\/www.indexfungorum.org\/Publications\/Index%20Fungorum%20no.450.pdf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cushion, M.T., Linke, M.J., Ashbaugh, A., Sesterhenn, T., Collins, M.S., Lynch, K., Brubaker, R., and Walzer, P.D. (2010). Echinocandin treatment of Pneumocystis pneumonia in rodent models depletes cysts leaving trophic burdens that cannot transmit the infection. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008524"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03138-19","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.03138-19","article-title":"Humans are selectively exposed to Pneumocystis jirovecii","volume":"11","author":"Cisse","year":"2020","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1086\/653933","article-title":"Quantification and spread of Pneumocystis jirovecii in the surrounding air of patients with Pneumocystis pneumonia","volume":"51","author":"Choukri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1903.121151","article-title":"Increasing Pneumocystis pneumonia, England, UK, 2000-2010","volume":"19","author":"Maini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"100400","article-title":"Evolving epidemiology of Pneumocystis pneumonia: Findings from a longitudinal population-based study and a retrospective multi-center study in Germany","volume":"18","author":"Kolbrink","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health-Eur."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59729","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.19927","article-title":"Risk factors for mortality from Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in non-HIV patients: A meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32834cac17","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in non-HIV-infected patients: New risks and diagnostic tools","volume":"24","author":"Reid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2014.01.007","article-title":"Update on pulmonary Pneumocystis jirovecii infection in non-HIV patients","volume":"44","author":"Roux","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Mal. Infect."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.05.558","article-title":"Risk factors and prevention of Pneumocystis jirovecii neumonia in patients with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases","volume":"158","author":"Ghembaza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00013-12","article-title":"Colonization by Pneumocystis jirovecii and its role in disease","volume":"25","author":"Morris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03480060078034","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among patients without AIDS at a cancer hospital","volume":"267","author":"Sepkowitz","year":"1992","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"2464791","article-title":"Intermittent courses of corticosteroids also present a risk for Pneumocystis pneumonia in non-HIV patients","volume":"2016","author":"Limper","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.12.025","article-title":"ESCMID study group for infections in compromised hosts (ESGICH) consensus document on the safety of targeted and biological therapies: An infectious diseases perspective (Soluble immune effector molecules [I]: Anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha agents)","volume":"24","author":"Baddley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2015-0356OC","article-title":"Transcriptomic analysis reveals significant B lymphocyte suppression in corticosteroid-treated hosts with Pneumocystis pneumonia","volume":"56","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noac072","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of Pneumocystis pneumonia prophylaxis for patients receiving temozolomide chemoradiotherapy","volume":"24","author":"Climans","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2012.08.002","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia prophylaxis during temozolomide treatment for high-grade gliomas","volume":"85","author":"Gijtenbeek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.99.1.143","article-title":"Pulmonary complications of combination therapy with cyclophosphamide and prednisone","volume":"99","author":"Sen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13184","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with R-CHOP","volume":"64","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-104-3-338","article-title":"Excess prevalence of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients treated for lymphoma with combination chemotherapy","volume":"104","author":"Browne","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1177\/1753465810380102","article-title":"Update on the diagnosis and treatment of Pneumocystis pneumonia","volume":"5","author":"Carmona","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1205","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia following 5-fluorouracil administration","volume":"79","author":"Hardy","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Natl. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.2820360912","article-title":"Intensity of immunosuppressive therapy and the incidence of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis","volume":"36","author":"Hughes","year":"1975","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.04.040","article-title":"Safety of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia prophylaxis in patients taking methotrexate","volume":"84","author":"Havele","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1964.03070110010002","article-title":"Transplantation Pneumonia","volume":"189","author":"Rifkind","year":"1964","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MIB.0000164002.32735.c2","article-title":"Pneumocystis jiroveci (carinii) pneumonia after initiation of infliximab and azathioprine therapy in a patient with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Seddik","year":"2005","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2011.07.006","article-title":"Risk factors for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with lymphoproliferative disorders","volume":"12","author":"Obeid","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199009203231216","article-title":"Concurrent cytomegalovirus and Pneumocystis pneumonia after fludarabine therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"323","author":"Schilling","year":"1990","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.2830490207","article-title":"Opportunistic pulmonary infections with fludarabine in previously treated patients with low-grade lymphoid malignancies: A role for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis","volume":"49","author":"Byrd","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw157","article-title":"ECIL guidelines for preventing Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with haematological malignancies and stem cell transplant recipients","volume":"71","author":"Maertens","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-0477","article-title":"Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients treated with rituximab","volume":"144","author":"Carmona","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iii70","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab040","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii following rituximab","volume":"60","author":"Rutter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1086\/504811","article-title":"Infectious complications associated with alemtuzumab use for lymphoproliferative disorders","volume":"43","author":"Martin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"835050","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with abatacept","volume":"2014","author":"Ospina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Case Rep. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-210724","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of abatacept, a T-cell modulator, in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III study in psoriatic arthritis","volume":"76","author":"Mease","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab474","article-title":"Genetic and epidemiologic analyses of an outbreak of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia among kidney transplant recipients in the United States","volume":"74","author":"Azar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2009.00366.x","article-title":"Late onset Pneumocystis pneumonia in renal transplantation after long-term immunosuppression with belatacept","volume":"11","author":"Haidinger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfz255","article-title":"Opportunistic infections after conversion to belatacept in kidney transplantation","volume":"35","author":"Bertrand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.50.4508","article-title":"Clinical and radiological features of acute-onset diffuse interstitial lung diseases in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving treatment with biological agents: Importance of Pneumocystis pneumonia in Japan revealed by a multicenter study","volume":"50","author":"Kameda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R141","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3455","article-title":"Integrated safety in tocilizumab clinical trials","volume":"13","author":"Schiff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-016-0572-1","article-title":"Fungal Infections and New Biologic Therapies","volume":"18","author":"Vallabhaneni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.3109\/s10165-012-0796-5","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and risk factors for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving adalimumab: A retrospective review and case-control study of 17 patients","volume":"23","author":"Watanabe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mod. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2011.10.012","article-title":"Pneumocystosis in a patient with Crohn\u2019s disease treated with combination therapy with adalimumab","volume":"6","author":"Desales","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Crohn\u2019s Colitis"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.3109\/s10165-012-0615-z","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia associated with etanercept treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A retrospective review of 15 cases and analysis of risk factors","volume":"22","author":"Tanaka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mod. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2010.154","article-title":"The Japanese experience with biologic therapies for rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"6","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12576","article-title":"Invasive fungal infections in pediatric patients treated with tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-alpha) inhibitors","volume":"60","author":"Tragiannidis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1517\/17425255.2016.1146682","article-title":"Evaluation of golimumab for the treatment of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"12","author":"Tanaka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9250-x","article-title":"Pneumocystis jiroveci (carinii) pneumonia after infliximab therapy: A review of 84 cases","volume":"52","author":"Kaur","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc070728","article-title":"Pneumocystis Pneumonia Under Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy (PAT) Study, Group. Pneumocystis pneumonia associated with infliximab in Japan","volume":"357","author":"Harigai","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1985.tb122820.x","article-title":"Cyclosporin A and Pneumocystis pneumonia","volume":"143","author":"Markus","year":"1985","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1987.01400210072010","article-title":"Cyclosporine therapy and refractory Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. A potential association","volume":"122","author":"Franson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch. Surg."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12735","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12735","article-title":"Risk factors for Pneumocystis pneumonia after the first 6 months following renal transplantation","volume":"19","author":"Faure","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.5217\/ir.2015.13.3.219","article-title":"Tacrolimus for the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"13","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intest. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2010.05.004","article-title":"Two cases of fatal Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia as a complication of tacrolimus therapy in ulcerative colitis\u2014A need for prophylaxis","volume":"4","author":"Escher","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Crohn\u2019s Colitis"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12956","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12956","article-title":"An outbreak of Pneumocytis jirovecii pneumonia among liver transplant recipients","volume":"20","author":"Elkrief","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12709","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12709","article-title":"High-dose calcineurin inhibitor-free everolimus as a maintenance regimen for heart transplantation may be a risk factor for Pneumocystis pneumonia","volume":"19","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2013.49.9277","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in everolimus-treated renal cell carcinoma","volume":"33","author":"Loron","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1159\/000505909","article-title":"Pneumocystis pneumonia and acute kidney injury induced by everolimus treatment in a patient with metastatic breast cancer","volume":"13","author":"Nakamura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Rep. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.14392","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: A potential complication of sirolimus therapy","volume":"55","author":"Shetty","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child. Health"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S421","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-1044","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia during sirolimus therapy for kaposiform hemangioendothelioma","volume":"141","author":"Russell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-019-02730-0","article-title":"m-TOR inhibitors and risk of Pneumocystis pneumonia after solid organ transplantation: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"75","author":"Ghadimi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.10564","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in B-cell lymphoma patients treated with the rituximab-CHOEP-14 regimen","volume":"92","author":"Kolstad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.11.007","article-title":"Primary prophylaxis for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients receiving rituximab","volume":"161","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e114","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(17)30019-4","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of idelalisib in combination with ofatumumab for previously treated chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: An open-label, randomised phase 3 trial","volume":"4","author":"Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.24499","article-title":"Low incidence of pneumocystis pneumonia utilizing PCR-based diagnosis in patients with B-cell lymphoma receiving rituximab-containing combination chemotherapy","volume":"91","author":"Barreto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6147","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.10.6147","article-title":"B cells are required for generation of protective effector and memory CD4 cells in response to Pneumocystis lung infection","volume":"176","author":"Lund","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.02.003","article-title":"ESCMID Study Group for Infections in Compromised Hosts (ESGICH) Consensus Document on the safety of targeted and biological therapies: An infectious diseases perspective (Agents targeting lymphoid cells surface antigens [I]: CD19, CD20 and CD52)","volume":"24","author":"Mikulska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101503","article-title":"Pneumocystis pneumonia in a patient treated with alemtuzumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"38","author":"Lau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"566","article-title":"Fatal pneumopathy caused by \u201cPneumocystis carinii\u201d in a leukemic child treated with prednisone","volume":"24","author":"Dustin","year":"1959","journal-title":"Bull. L\u2019academie R. Med. Belg."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.13.1.1","article-title":"Generalized cytomegalic inclusion-body disease associated with Pneumocystis pneumonia in adults. A report of three cases. with Wegener\u2019s granulomatosis. thrombotic purpura, and Hodgkin\u2019s disease as predisposing conditions","volume":"13","author":"Symmers","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-14-87","article-title":"Adjunctive steroid in HIV-negative patients with severe Pneumocystis pneumonia","volume":"14","author":"Lemiale","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-019-0604-x","article-title":"Outcome and prognostic factors of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in immunocompromised adults: A prospective observational study","volume":"9","author":"Gaborit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2012.02158.x","article-title":"Outcome of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction in patients without human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"17","author":"Hardak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-002-0758-5","article-title":"Analysis of underlying diseases and prognosis factors associated with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in immunocompromised HIV-negative patients","volume":"21","author":"Roblot","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242.e11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2014.07.010","article-title":"Incidence of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia among groups at risk in HIV-negative patients","volume":"127","author":"Fillatre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2014.02.015","article-title":"Prognostic factors of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients without HIV infection","volume":"69","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2013.865142","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in HIV-negative patients: A prospective study with focus on immunosuppressive drugs and markers of immune impairment","volume":"46","author":"Roblot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2014.03.003","article-title":"Predisposing factors, clinical characteristics and outcome of Pneumonocystis jirovecii pneumonia in HIV-negative patients","volume":"20","author":"Kofteridis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takeda, K., Harada, S., Hayama, B., Hoashi, K., Enokida, T., Sasaki, T., Okamoto, K., Nakano, K., and Ohkushi, D. (2021). Clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with Pneumocystis jirovecii infection in patients with solid tumors: Study of thirteen-year medical records of a large cancer center. BMC Cancer, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-021-08727-2"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-38618-3","article-title":"Risk factors and clinical characteristics of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in lung cancer","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197712292972602","article-title":"Successful chemoprophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis","volume":"297","author":"Hughes","year":"1977","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.5.995","article-title":"Prevention of infection due to Pneumocystis carinii","volume":"42","author":"Fishman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1086\/515126","article-title":"Should prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in solid organ transplant recipients ever be discontinued?","volume":"28","author":"Gordon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12119","article-title":"Pneumocystis pneumonia in solid organ transplantation","volume":"13","author":"Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix495","article-title":"Outbreak of Pneumocystis jirovecii Infection Among Heart Transplant Recipients: Molecular Investigation and Management of an Interhuman Transmission","volume":"65","author":"Vindrios","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy682","article-title":"A multicenter case-control study of the effect of acute rejection and cytomegalovirus infection on Pneumocystis pneumonia in solid organ transplant recipients","volume":"68","author":"Shokoohi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000003576","article-title":"A comprehensive evaluation of risk factors for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in adult solid organ transplant recipients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"105","author":"Permpalung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.06.010","article-title":"Prophylaxis and treatment of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia after solid organ transplantation","volume":"134","author":"Brakemeier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13587","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.13587","article-title":"Pneumocystis jiroveci in solid organ transplantation: Guidelines from the American Society of transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice","volume":"33","author":"Fishman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kew200","article-title":"Risk of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with inhibitors of tumour necrosis factor alpha: Results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register for Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"55","author":"Bruce","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3826","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27735","article-title":"Trends in hospitalizations for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia among patients with rheumatoid arthritis in the US: 1996\u20132007","volume":"62","author":"Louie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199904)42:4<780::AID-ANR23>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with connective tissue diseases: The role of hospital experience in diagnosis and mortality","volume":"42","author":"Ward","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"29","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in rheumatoid arthritis patients: Risks and prophylaxis recommendations","volume":"9","author":"Mori","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Insights Circ. Respir. Pulm. Med."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab647","article-title":"Prophylaxis against pneumocystis pneumonia in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with b\/tsDMARDs: Insights from 3,787 cases in FIRST registry","volume":"61","author":"Sonomoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1080\/14397595.2016.1265695","article-title":"Safety and effectiveness of 24-week treatment with iguratimod, a new oral disease-modifying antirheumatic drug, for patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Interim analysis of a post-marketing surveillance study of 2679 patients in Japan","volume":"27","author":"Mimori","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mod. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6730812","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6730812","article-title":"Incidence and Risk Factors for Infections Requiring Hospitalization, Including Pneumocystis Pneumonia, in Japanese Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"2017","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0000000000000731","article-title":"Risk Factors for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and a prophylactic indication of trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole","volume":"24","author":"Yukawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.47.0702","article-title":"Clinical and radiological features of Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, in comparison with methotrexate pneumonitis and Pneumocystis pneumonia in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: A multicenter study","volume":"47","author":"Tokuda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"671","article-title":"Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in rheumatic disease: A 20-year single-centre experience","volume":"35","author":"Mecoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3755","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-021-05660-4","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in autoimmune rheumatic diseases: A nationwide population-based study","volume":"40","author":"Hsu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2017.02.010","article-title":"Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with inflammatory or autoimmune diseases: Usefulness of lymphocyte subtyping","volume":"57","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"246","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the course of connective tissue disease: Report of 34 cases","volume":"21","author":"Godeau","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-008-0721-6","article-title":"Risk factors of Pneumocystis jeroveci pneumonia in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"29","author":"Lertnawapan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15997","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000015997","article-title":"A retrospective study of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus combined with Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia treated with caspofungin and trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole","volume":"98","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0b013e31817a7e30","article-title":"Prophylactic antibiotic usage for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus on cyclophosphamide: A survey of US rheumatologists and the review of literature","volume":"14","author":"Gupta","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeo, K.J., Chen, H.H., Chen, Y.M., Lin, C.H., Chen, D.Y., Lai, C.M., and Chao, W.C. (2020). Hydroxychloroquine may reduce risk of Pneumocystis pneumonia in lupus patients: A Nationwide, population-based case-control study. BMC Infect. Dis., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-4826-1"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-007-0087-x","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a patient on etanercept for psoriatic arthritis","volume":"176","author":"Lahiff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ir. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1093\/omcr\/omw025","article-title":"Polyarteritis nodosa. Diagnostic challenges in a patient with cutaneous vasculitis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and pancytopenia: Fatal progression after treatment with G-CSF","volume":"2016","author":"Jobanputra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxf. Med. Case Reports."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.5414\/CNP68099","article-title":"Remission of nephrotic membranous glomerulonephritis after high-dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole treatment for pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia","volume":"68","author":"Wen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2869","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.51.6774","article-title":"Risk factors for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in glomerulonephritis patients receiving immunosuppressants","volume":"51","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rce.2014.07.011","article-title":"Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage associated with Henoch-Schonlein purpura and Pneumocystis jirovecii infection: A case report","volume":"215","author":"Lara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Clin. Esp."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780200516","article-title":"Arthritis rounds. Pneumocystis carinii associated with polyarteritis and immunosuppressive therapy","volume":"20","author":"Bungo","year":"1977","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaa436","article-title":"Risk factors associated with Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in juvenile myositis in North America","volume":"60","author":"Sabbagh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.11.037","article-title":"Low risk of pneumonia from Pneumocystis jirovecii infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease receiving immune suppression","volume":"15","author":"Cotter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2017.00161","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: A case report and literature review","volume":"5","author":"Lawrence","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"260","article-title":"Comprehensive national inpatient Sample data reveals low but rising Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia risk in inflammatory bowel disease patients","volume":"35","author":"Schwartz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1159\/000495035","article-title":"Risk factors for mortality in Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"3","author":"Yoshida","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflamm. Intest. Dis."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0b013e3182802a9b","article-title":"Increased risk of pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia among patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"19","author":"Long","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.14832","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in Korean patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"35","author":"Nam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2010.06407.x","article-title":"Serious infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease receiving anti-tumor-necrosis-factor-alpha therapy: An Australian and New Zealand experience","volume":"25","author":"Lawrance","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_143","first-page":"490","article-title":"Guidelines for prophylaxis of Pneumocystis pneumonia cannot rely solely on CD4-cell count in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases","volume":"36","author":"Baulier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-006-0441-9","article-title":"Infection-related morbidity and mortality in patients with connective tissue diseases: A systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Falagas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sowden, E., and Carmichael, A.J. (2004). Autoimmune inflammatory disorders, systemic corticosteroids and Pneumocystis pneumonia: A strategy for prevention. BMC Infect. Dis., 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-4-42"},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"795","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: A major complication of immunosuppressive therapy in patients with Wegener\u2019s granulomatosis","volume":"151","author":"Ognibene","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-83-5-606","article-title":"Cyclophosphamide or azathioprine in lupus glomerulonephritis. A controlled trial: Results at 28 months","volume":"83","author":"Decker","year":"1975","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_148","first-page":"84","article-title":"Pneumocystis jiroveci pnemonia in systemic lupus erythematosus: A case report","volume":"3","author":"Harder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0b013e31829d5017","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in systemic lupus erythematosus from southern Taiwan","volume":"19","author":"Weng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kes244","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii infection: An emerging threat to patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"51","author":"Mori","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.3109\/s10165-006-0502-6","article-title":"Evaluation of Pneumocystis pneumonia infection risk factors in patients with connective tissue disease","volume":"16","author":"Iikuni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mod. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.19.4.543","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii; etiologic agent of interstitial plasma cell pneumonia of premature and young infants","volume":"19","author":"Gajdusek","year":"1957","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e725","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2157","article-title":"What caused the epidemic of Pneumocystis pneumonia in European premature infants in the mid-20th century?","volume":"115","author":"Goldman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595297","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.595297","article-title":"Understanding early-life adaptive immunity to guide interventions for pediatric health","volume":"11","author":"Semmes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donald, K., and Finlay, B.B. (2023). Early-life interactions between the microbiota and immune system: Impact on immune system development and atopic disease. Nat. Rev. Immunol.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-023-00874-w"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1501.080242","article-title":"Vertical transmission of Pneumocystis jirovecii in humans","volume":"15","author":"Chabe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab209","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii colonization in preterm newborns with respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"225","author":"Szydlowicz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix454","article-title":"early acquisition of Pneumocystis jirovecii colonization and potential association with respiratory distress syndrome in preterm newborn infants","volume":"65","author":"Rojas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_159","first-page":"283","article-title":"Incidence of Pneumocystis jirovecii and adverse events associated with Pneumocystis prophylaxis in children receiving glucocorticoids","volume":"7","author":"Basiaga","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatric Infect. Dis. Soc."},{"key":"ref_160","first-page":"287","article-title":"Adjunctive corticosteroid treatment of clinical Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in infants less than 18 months of age\u2014A randomised controlled trial","volume":"98","author":"Terblanche","year":"2008","journal-title":"S. Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/161.2.296","article-title":"Serologic responses to Pneumocystis carinii antigens in health and disease","volume":"161","author":"Peglow","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(90)90087-U","article-title":"Infection with Pneumocystis carinii is prevalent in healthy Gambian children","volume":"84","author":"Wakefield","year":"1990","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1086\/497381","article-title":"Genetic differences in Pneumocystis isolates recovered from immunocompetent infants and from adults with AIDS: Epidemiological Implications","volume":"192","author":"Beard","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_164","first-page":"65","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and primary immune deficiency diseases","volume":"43","author":"Walzer","year":"1976","journal-title":"Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/iji.12166","article-title":"A novel intronic splice site deletion of the IL-2 receptor common gamma chain results in expression of a dysfunctional protein and T-cell-positive X-linked Severe combined immunodeficiency","volume":"42","author":"Gray","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunogenet."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.13070","article-title":"Novel compound heterozygous mutations in a Japanese girl with Janus kinase 3 deficiency","volume":"58","author":"Sato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Int."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055607","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1055607","article-title":"Case Report: Mutations in JAK3 causing severe combined immunodeficiency complicated by disseminated Bacille Calmette-Guerin disease and Pneumocystis pneumonia","volume":"13","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_168","unstructured":"Adam, M.P., Mirzaa, G.M., Pagon, R.A., Wallace, S.E., Bean, L.J.H., Gripp, K.W., and Amemiya, A. (2017). GeneReviews((R)), University of Washington."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.11.050","article-title":"Deficiency of caspase recruitment domain family, member 11 (CARD11), causes profound combined immunodeficiency in human subjects","volume":"131","author":"Stepensky","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-03-631374","article-title":"Omenn syndrome associated with a functional reversion due to a somatic second-site mutation in CARD11 deficiency","volume":"126","author":"Fuchs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-013-9951-9","article-title":"Clinical, immunological, and molecular characterization of hyper-IgM syndrome due to CD40 deficiency in eleven patients","volume":"33","author":"Alassiri","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(97)70123-9","article-title":"Clinical spectrum of X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome","volume":"131","author":"Levy","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2017.07.011","article-title":"Unusual presentation of combined immunodeficiency in a child with homozygous DOCK8 mutation","volume":"119","author":"Brunet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-014-0097-1","article-title":"Immunodeficiency associated with a nonsense mutation of IKBKB","volume":"34","author":"Nielsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.11.014","article-title":"IKBKG (nuclear factor-kappa B essential modulator) mutation can be associated with opportunistic infection without impairing Toll-like receptor function","volume":"121","author":"Salt","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3071","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI98164","article-title":"Dominant-negative IKZF1 mutations cause a T, B, and myeloid cell combined immunodeficiency","volume":"128","author":"Boutboul","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1512234","article-title":"Loss of B Cells in Patients with Heterozygous Mutations in IKAROS","volume":"374","author":"Kuehn","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2021.06.010","article-title":"Inborn errors of IKAROS and AIOLOS","volume":"72","author":"Yamashita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00415","article-title":"Intact B-Cell Signaling and Function With Host B-Cells 47 Years After Transplantation for X-SCID","volume":"11","author":"Deal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13662","article-title":"Progressive B cell depletion in human MALT1 deficiency","volume":"206","author":"Sonoda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-015-0219-4","article-title":"Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Deficiency due to a Novel Mutation in RFXANK in a Child of Mexican Descent","volume":"36","author":"Clarridge","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00831","article-title":"Clinical, Immunological, and Genetic Features in 49 Patients With ZAP-70 Deficiency: A Systematic Review","volume":"11","author":"Sharifinejad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_183","first-page":"413","article-title":"Primary immunodeficiency secondary to ZAP-70 deficiency","volume":"14","author":"Barata","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Med. Port."},{"key":"ref_184","unstructured":"Adam, M.P., Mirzaa, G.M., Pagon, R.A., Wallace, S.E., Bean, L.J.H., Gripp, K.W., and Amemiya, A. (2021). GeneReviews((R)), University of Washington."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schroeder, M.L., Triggs-Raine, B., and Zelinski, T. (2016). Genotyping an immunodeficiency causing c.1624-11G>A ZAP70 mutation in Canadian Mennonites. BMC Med Genet., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12881-016-0312-4"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00773","article-title":"Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in an Infant with Immunodeficiency, Centromeric Instability, and Facial Anomaly Syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Gossling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2020.151912","article-title":"A young girl with hypogammaglobulinemia and granulomatous hepatitis caused by a novel mutation in ZBTB24 gene: A case based analysis","volume":"225","author":"Banday","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunobiology."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-009-0973-5","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in a baby with hyper-IgE syndrome","volume":"169","author":"Garty","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835257","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.835257","article-title":"Omalizumab for STAT3 Hyper-IgE Syndromes in Adulthood: A Case Report and Literature Review","volume":"9","author":"Lan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e629","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-0899","article-title":"Severe combined immunodeficiency resulting from mutations in MTHFD1","volume":"131","author":"Keller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2014.03.014","article-title":"Impact of folate therapy on combined immunodeficiency secondary to hereditary folate malabsorption","volume":"153","author":"Kishimoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pongphitcha, P., Sirachainan, N., Khongkraparn, A., Tim-Aroon, T., Songdej, D., and Wattanasirichaigoon, D. (2022). A novel TCN2 mutation with unusual clinical manifestations of hemolytic crisis and unexplained metabolic acidosis: Expanding the genotype and phenotype of transcobalamin II deficiency. BMC Pediatr., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-022-03291-5"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e97","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.6.e97","article-title":"Osteopetrosis, lymphedema, anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, and immunodeficiency in a boy and incontinentia pigmenti in his mother","volume":"109","author":"Corradini","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002058","article-title":"Fatal Pneumocystis jirovecii and Cytomegalovirus Infections in an Infant With Normal TRECs Count: Pitfalls of Newborn Screening for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency","volume":"38","author":"Allende","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20211118","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20211118","article-title":"T and B cell abnormalities, pneumocystis pneumonia, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia associated with an AIOLOS defect in patients","volume":"218","author":"Kuehn","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19971215)80:12<2285::AID-CNCR10>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Intensified therapy for infants with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Results from the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Consortium","volume":"80","author":"Silverman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-017-0460-0","article-title":"Trichohepatoenteric Syndrome Presenting with Severe Infection and Later Onset Diarrhoea","volume":"38","author":"Hosking","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2012.07.016","article-title":"Hepatic veno-occlusive disease with immunodeficiency (VODI): First reported case in the U.S. and identification of a unique mutation in Sp110","volume":"145","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-017-0431-5","article-title":"Detection of Sp110 by Flow Cytometry and Application to Screening Patients for Veno-occlusive Disease with Immunodeficiency","volume":"37","author":"Marquardsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(98)70363-X","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in an infant with X-linked agammaglobulinemia","volume":"101","author":"Alibrahim","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.08.040","article-title":"Combined immunodeficiency caused by a novel homozygous NFKB1 mutation","volume":"147","author":"Mandola","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-020-00748-z","article-title":"Disseminated Pneumocystis jirovecii Infection with Osteomyelitis in a Patient with CTLA-4 Haploinsufficiency","volume":"40","author":"Siddiqi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a009480","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a009480","article-title":"Assessing the Disease-Liability of Mutations in CFTR","volume":"2","author":"Ferec","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.64.6.935","article-title":"Refractory Pneumocystis carinii infection in chronic granulomatous disease: Successful treatment with granulocytes","volume":"64","author":"Pedersen","year":"1979","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.13220","article-title":"Use of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in a patient with G6PD deficiency for treating Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia without haemolysis: Case report and literature review","volume":"45","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957376","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.957376","article-title":"The medication for pneumocystis pneumonia with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency patients","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2017.01.005","article-title":"Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia and GATA2 deficiency: Expanding the spectrum of the disease","volume":"74","author":"Hsu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1910640","article-title":"Fatal Cytomegalovirus Infection in an Adult with Inherited NOS2 Deficiency","volume":"382","author":"Drutman","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-021-09179-3","article-title":"Exploring genetic defects in adults who were clinically diagnosed as severe combined immune deficiency during infancy","volume":"69","author":"Somekh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103184","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1103184","article-title":"Unusual Talaromyces marneffei and Pneumocystis jirovecii coinfection in a child with a STAT1 mutation: A case report and literature review","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eade7953","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.ade7953","article-title":"A multimorphic mutation in IRF4 causes human autosomal dominant combined immunodeficiency","volume":"8","author":"Consortium","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033513","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1033513","article-title":"Case report: Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in a severe case of Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome with an IFIH1 gain-of-function mutation mimicking combined immunodeficiency","volume":"13","author":"Zeleznik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.12489","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in a patient with pustular psoriasis with an IL-36RN deficiency treated with infliximab: Case report and review of the literature","volume":"58","author":"Podlipnik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Australas. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.2.1409","article-title":"Parenchymal cell TNF receptors contribute to inflammatory cell recruitment and respiratory failure in Pneumocystis carinii-induced pneumonia","volume":"181","author":"Pryhuber","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/S0750-7658(05)80816-0","article-title":"Purpura fulminans and C7 deficiency complicated by Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia","volume":"10","author":"Tillant","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. Fr. Anesth. Reanim."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-020-00829-z","article-title":"An RTEL1 Mutation Links to Infantile-Onset Ulcerative Colitis and Severe Immunodeficiency","volume":"40","author":"Ziv","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borie, R., Kannengiesser, C., Sicre de Fontbrune, F., Boutboul, D., Tabeze, L., Brunet-Possenti, F., Lainey, E., Debray, M.P., Cazes, A., and Crestani, B. (2017). Pneumocystosis revealing immunodeficiency secondary to TERC mutation. Eur. Respir. J., 50.","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01443-2017"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e254","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(20)30433-6","article-title":"Ublituximab plus ibrutinib versus ibrutinib alone for patients with relapsed or refractory high-risk chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (GENUINE): A phase 3, multicentre, open-label, randomised trial","volume":"8","author":"Sharman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e419","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(19)30104-8","article-title":"Ibrutinib plus fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab as initial treatment for younger patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: A single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 trial","volume":"6","author":"Davids","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-022-01289-3","article-title":"Human inborn errors of immunity: 2022 update on the classification from the International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee","volume":"42","author":"Tangye","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002119","article-title":"Pneumocystis Infection in Children: National trends and characteristics in the United States, 1997-2012","volume":"38","author":"Inagaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menu, E., Driouich, J.S., Luciani, L., Morand, A., Ranque, S., and L\u2019Ollivier, C. (2021). Detection of Pneumocystis jirovecii in hospitalized children less than 3 years of age. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7070546"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-021-01630-9","article-title":"Narrative review of the relationship between COVID-19 and PJP: Does it represent coinfection or colonization?","volume":"49","author":"Chong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gentile, I., Viceconte, G., Lanzardo, A., Zotta, I., Zappulo, E., Pinchera, B., Scotto, R., Schiano Moriello, N., Foggia, M., and Giaccone, A. (2021). Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in non-HIV patients recovering from COVID-19: A single-center experience. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111399"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2021.1890331","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in an immunocompetent patient recovered from COVID-19","volume":"53","author":"Viceconte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gioia, F., Albasata, H., and Hosseini-Moghaddam, S.M. (2022). Concurrent infection with SARS-CoV-2 and Pneumocystis jirovecii in immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. J. Fungi, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8060585"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.4103\/1995-7645.359784","article-title":"Global prevalence, mortality, and main risk factors for COVID-19 associated pneumocystosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Khodadadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.10.034","article-title":"The presence of Pneumocystis jirovecii in critically ill patients with COVID-19","volume":"82","author":"Alanio","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202007-2938LE","article-title":"COVID-19-related respiratory failure and lymphopenia do not seem associated with pneumocystosis","volume":"202","author":"Blaize","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0113821","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.01138-21","article-title":"COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis, fungemia, and pneumocystosis in the intensive care unit: A retrospective multicenter observational cohort during the first French pandemic wave","volume":"9","author":"Bretagne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7080585","article-title":"Detection of Pneumocystis jirovecii in patients with severe COVID-19: Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges","volume":"7","author":"Gerber","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Fungi"},{"key":"ref_232","first-page":"100814","article-title":"COVID-19 and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: Back to the basics","volume":"79","author":"Mouren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_233","first-page":"614","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in breast cancer mimicking SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia during pandemic","volume":"29","author":"Castelnuovo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infez. Med."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cattaneo, L., Buonomo, A.R., Iacovazzo, C., Giaccone, A., Scotto, R., Viceconte, G., Mercinelli, S., Vargas, M., Roscetto, E., and Cacciatore, F. (2023). Invasive fungal infections in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A non-intensive care single-centre experience during the first pandemic waves. J. Fungi., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9010086"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Francesco, M.A., Alberici, F., Bossini, N., Scolari, F., Pascucci, F., Tomasoni, G., and Caruso, A. (2020). Pneumocystis jirevocii and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection: A common feature in transplant recipients?. Vaccines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8030544"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patrucco, F., Airoldi, C., Falaschi, Z., Bellan, M., Castello, L.M., Filippone, F., Matranga, S., Masellis, S., Smeriglia, A., and Solidoro, P. (2021). Mycotic infection prevalence among patients undergoing bronchoalveolar lavage with search of SARS-CoV-2 after two negative nasopharyngeal swabs. J. Breath. Res., 15.","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7163\/ac2290"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2020.0149","article-title":"People living with HIV in the COVID-19 era: A case report","volume":"37","author":"Farinacci","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"acmi000406","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.0.000406","article-title":"Post-COVID-19 Pneumocystis pneumonia cases from Pakistan: An observational study","volume":"5","author":"Niamatullah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Access Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s42399-020-00324-x","article-title":"Initial real-life experience from a designated COVID-19 centre in Athens, Greece: A proposed therapeutic algorithm","volume":"2","author":"Baraboutis","year":"2020","journal-title":"SN Compr. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0016321","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.00163-21","article-title":"Coinfections with other respiratory pathogens among patients with COVID-19","volume":"9","author":"Sreenath","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e937760","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.937760","article-title":"Rare case of persistently depressed T lymphocyte subsets after SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"23","author":"Alebna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.07.061","article-title":"Concurrent COVID-19 and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in a severely immunocompromised 25-year-old patient","volume":"99","author":"Bhat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202003-0766LE","article-title":"A case of COVID-19 and Pneumocystis jirovecii coinfection","volume":"202","author":"Menon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2021.e01153","article-title":"Co-infection with coronavirus disease 2019, previously undiagnosed human immunodeficiency virus, Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and cytomegalovirus pneumonitis, with possible immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Merchant","year":"2021","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofaa633","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa633","article-title":"Pneumocystis and severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 coinfection: A case report and review of an emerging diagnostic dilemma","volume":"8","author":"Rubiano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55.e51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtct.2021.10.004","article-title":"Hematopoietic cell transplantation is feasible in patients with prior COVID-19 infection","volume":"28","author":"Shah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transplant. Cell Ther."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-020-05234-w","article-title":"A complex COVID-19 case with rheumatoid arthritis treated with tocilizumab","volume":"39","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, W., Wang, M., Ming, F., Tang, W., and Liang, K. (2020). The diagnostic trap occurred in two COVID-19 cases combined Pneumocystis pneumonia in patient with AIDS. Res. Sq.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-53350\/v1"},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-021-00489-w","article-title":"Successful treatment of a kidney transplant patient with COVID-19 and late-onset Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia","volume":"20","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvarez, H., Ruiz-Mateos, E., Juiz-Gonzalez, P.M., Vitalle, J., Vieitez, I., Vazquez-Friol, M.D.C., Torres-Beceiro, I., Perez-Gomez, A., Gallego-Garcia, P., and Estevez-Gomez, N. (2022). SARS-CoV-2 evolution and spike-specific CD4+ T-cell response in persistent COVID-19 with severe HIV immune suppression. Microorganisms., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10010143"},{"key":"ref_251","first-page":"357","article-title":"Pneumonia by Pneumocystis jirovecii after COVID-19 in non-HIV patient","volume":"39","author":"Morte","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Chilena Infectol."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e314","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(20)30111-9","article-title":"COVID-19 in patients with HIV: Clinical case series","volume":"7","author":"Blanco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet HIV."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/24725625.2020.1832755","article-title":"Fatal outcome of anti-MDA5 juvenile dermatomyositis in a paediatric COVID-19 patient: A case report","volume":"5","author":"Remesal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mod. Rheumatol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinpr.2021.100089","article-title":"compassionate use of REGN-COV2 in the treatment of COVID-19 in a patient with impaired humoral immunity","volume":"12","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Pract."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002571","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: A diagnostic dilemma in HIV","volume":"34","author":"Coleman","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2020-0565","article-title":"Pneumocystis pneumonia, a COVID-19 mimic, reminds us of the importance of HIV testing in COVID-19","volume":"20","author":"Kelly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1177\/09564624211051631","article-title":"Can I go back to work? A case of persistent SARS-CoV-2 with advanced untreated HIV infection","volume":"33","author":"Wenlock","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS."},{"key":"ref_258","first-page":"784","article-title":"The first detection of Pneumocystis jirovecii in asthmatic patients post-COVID-19 in Jordan","volume":"22","author":"Alsayed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bosn. J. Basic. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3459","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.0485-22","article-title":"Favorable Outcome following sotrovimab monoclonal antibody in a patient with prolonged SARS-CoV-2 omicron infection with HIV\/AIDS","volume":"61","author":"Adachi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58091151","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia associated with COVID-19 in patients with interstitial pneumonia","volume":"58","author":"Takahashi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2022.06.026","article-title":"Concurrent COVID-19 and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a patient subsequently found to have underlying hairy cell leukemia","volume":"17","author":"Moradians","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814300","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.814300","article-title":"Case Report: Pneumonia in a patient with combined variable immunodeficiency: COVID-19 or Pneumocystis pneumonia?","volume":"9","author":"Tehrani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00725","DOI":"10.1002\/rcr2.725","article-title":"The diagnostic challenge of Pneumocystis pneumonia and COVID-19 co-infection in HIV","volume":"9","author":"Broadhurst","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respirol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2020.v110i6.14825","article-title":"HIV and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection: The diagnostic challenges of dual pandemics","volume":"110","author":"Parker","year":"2020","journal-title":"S Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeican, I.I., Inisca, P., Gheban, D., Tabaran, F., Aluas, M., Trombitas, V., Cristea, V., Crivii, C., Junie, L.M., and Albu, S. (2021). COVID-19 and Pneumocystis jirovecii pulmonary coinfection-the first case confirmed through autopsy. Medicina, 57.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57040302"},{"key":"ref_266","first-page":"566","article-title":"Coinfection of COVID-19 and pneumocystosis in a patient after kidney transplantation","volume":"131","author":"Skonieczny","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pol. Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050313X221091391","DOI":"10.1177\/2050313X221091391","article-title":"An etiology of ground\u2013glass images during COVID-19: Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia","volume":"10","author":"Onka","year":"2022","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa906","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 coinfection in a patient with newly diagnosed HIV-1 infection","volume":"72","author":"Mang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_269","first-page":"554","article-title":"Simultaneous diagnosis and favorable evolution of infection with Pneumocystis jirovecii, SARS-CoV-2 and advanced HIV","volume":"80","author":"Larzabal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e245448","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2021-245448","article-title":"Rare, disseminated Kaposi sarcoma in advanced HIV with high-burden pulmonary and skeletal involvement","volume":"14","author":"Connolly","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2021.09.002","article-title":"Concurrent COVID-19 and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: The importance of radiological diagnostic and HIV testing","volume":"16","author":"Anggraeni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.04.009","article-title":"Complex immune dysregulation in COVID-19 patients with severe respiratory failure","volume":"27","author":"Netea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwaa041","article-title":"Pathogenic T-cells and inflammatory monocytes incite inflammatory storms in severe COVID-19 patients","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2020.05.019","article-title":"Decreased T cell populations contribute to the increased severity of COVID-19","volume":"508","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.038","article-title":"Antigen-specific adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in acute COVID-19 and associations with age and disease severity","volume":"183","author":"Ramirez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001198","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1001198","article-title":"Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection: A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070994","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1070994","article-title":"A scoping review of regulatory T cell dynamics in convalescent COVID-19 patients\u2014Indications for their potential involvement in the development of Long COVID?","volume":"13","author":"Haunhorst","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-022-01555-5","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic: The delta variant, T-cell responses, and the efficacy of developing vaccines","volume":"71","author":"Biswas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2195","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2195","article-title":"A systematic meta-analysis of immune signatures in patients with COVID-19","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa252","article-title":"T-cell subset counts in peripheral blood can be used as discriminatory biomarkers for diagnosis and severity prediction of coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"222","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabc8511","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc8511","article-title":"Deep immune profiling of COVID-19 patients reveals distinct immunotypes with therapeutic implications","volume":"369","author":"Mathew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa150","article-title":"Characteristics of peripheral lymphocyte subset alteration in COVID-19 pneumonia","volume":"221","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02243-20","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02243-20","article-title":"Impaired cytotoxic CD8(+) T cell response in elderly COVID-19 patients","volume":"11","author":"Westmeier","year":"2020","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01122-w","article-title":"The T cell immune response against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"23","author":"Moss","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00919-x","article-title":"ACE2-independent infection of T lymphocytes by SARS-CoV-2","volume":"7","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.07.010","article-title":"Pneumocystis pneumonia in the COVID-19 pandemic era: Similarities and challenges","volume":"37","author":"Szydlowicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casalini, G., Giacomelli, A., Ridolfo, A., Gervasoni, C., and Antinori, S. (2021). Invasive fungal infections complicating COVID-19: A Narrative Review. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7110921"},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2022.105039","article-title":"COVID-19 and fungal infections: A double debacle","volume":"24","author":"Mina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-04118-w","article-title":"Characteristics and outcome according to underlying disease in non-AIDS patients with acute respiratory failure due to Pneumocystis pneumonia","volume":"40","author":"Burghi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.12467","article-title":"Pneumocystis pneumonia in non-HIV children: A 10-year retrospective study","volume":"12","author":"Ling","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2020.07.006","article-title":"Recent epidemiology of Pneumocystis pneumonia in Japan","volume":"26","author":"Shoji","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charpentier, E., Menard, S., Marques, C., Berry, A., and Iriart, X. (2021). Immune response in Pneumocystis infections according to the host immune system status. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7080625"},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otieno-Odhiambo, P., Wasserman, S., and Hoving, J.C. (2019). The contribution of host cells to Pneumocystis immunity: An Update. Pathogens, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8020052"},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-197301000-00002","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii infection","volume":"52","author":"Burke","year":"1973","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-111-3-223","article-title":"CD4 counts as predictors of opportunistic pneumonias in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection","volume":"111","author":"Masur","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01744","article-title":"Glucocorticoids-all-rounders tackling the versatile players of the immune system","volume":"10","author":"Strehl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-4726-9_12","article-title":"Infectious risks associated with biologics","volume":"764","author":"Isaacs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1302","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1189","article-title":"Immunosuppressive agents and infectious risk in transplantation: Managing the \u201cNet State of Immunosuppression\u201d","volume":"73","author":"Roberts","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1097\/CAD.0000000000000279","article-title":"Chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and febrile neutropenia in patients with gynecologic malignancy","volume":"26","author":"Hashiguchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anticancer. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-021-04452-9","article-title":"Primary prophylaxis of bacterial infections and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with hematologic malignancies and solid tumors: 2020 updated guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party of the German Society of Hematology and Medical Oncology (AGIHO\/DGHO)","volume":"100","author":"Classen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.3391","article-title":"Radiotherapy and the immune system: More than just immune suppression","volume":"39","author":"Ruckert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-021-00347-z","article-title":"Systemic immunity in cancer","volume":"21","author":"Allen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00365","article-title":"Cancers related to immunodeficiencies: Update and perspectives","volume":"7","author":"Mortaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.314617.118","article-title":"Roles of the immune system in cancer: From tumor initiation to metastatic progression","volume":"32","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genes. Dev."},{"key":"ref_305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200507-073JS","article-title":"Transplant-related immunosuppression: A review of immunosuppression and pulmonary infections","volume":"2","author":"Duncan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.2147\/ITT.S280706","article-title":"Cellular and humoral immune responses in COVID-19 and immunotherapeutic approaches","volume":"10","author":"Hasan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunotargets Ther."},{"key":"ref_307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2021.101508","article-title":"Hallmarks of immune response in COVID-19: Exploring dysregulation and exhaustion","volume":"55","author":"Mazzoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080822","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1080822","article-title":"Defective antifungal immunity in patients with COVID-19","volume":"13","author":"Morton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_309","first-page":"783","article-title":"Outbreak-causing fungi: Pneumocystis jirovecii","volume":"185","author":"Delliere","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/149.2.143","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in renal-transplant recipients treated with cyclosporine and steroids","volume":"149","author":"Hardy","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02111870","article-title":"Outbreak of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a renal transplant unit","volume":"14","author":"Hennequin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1080\/003655401300077324","article-title":"Genotypes of clustered cases of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia","volume":"33","author":"Olsson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Scand. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1102.040820","article-title":"Molecular evidence of Pneumocystis transmission in pediatric transplant unit","volume":"11","author":"Hocker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1086\/513198","article-title":"An outbreak of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia with 1 predominant genotype among renal transplant recipients: Interhuman transmission or a common environmental source?","volume":"44","author":"Gaasbeek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02016-07","article-title":"Molecular evidence of nosocomial Pneumocystis jirovecii transmission among 16 patients after kidney transplantation","volume":"46","author":"Schmoldt","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3181aed389","article-title":"Outbreak of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in renal transplant recipients: P. jiroveci is contagious to the susceptible host","volume":"88","author":"Yazaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2008.10.027","article-title":"Cluster outbreak of Pneumocystis pneumonia among kidney transplant patients within a single center","volume":"41","author":"Arichi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2009.00447.x","article-title":"Molecular evidence of interhuman transmission in an outbreak of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia among renal transplant recipients","volume":"12","author":"Gianella","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr159","article-title":"Outbreak of pneumocystis pneumonia occurring in late post-transplantation period","volume":"26","author":"Wynckel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3182384b57","article-title":"Nosocomial Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: Lessons from a cluster in kidney transplant recipients","volume":"92","author":"Phipps","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transplantation."},{"key":"ref_321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir329","article-title":"Increasing frequency of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in renal transplant recipients in the United Kingdom: Clonal variability, clusters, and geographic location","volume":"53","author":"Thomas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-012-1586-x","article-title":"A Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia outbreak in a single kidney-transplant center: Role of cytomegalovirus co-infection","volume":"31","author":"Pliquett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2012.09.089","article-title":"An epidemic of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in a renal transplantation center: Role of T-cell lymphopenia","volume":"44","author":"Brunot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2013.212","article-title":"Post-transplant Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia--a re-emerged public health problem?","volume":"84","author":"Chapman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit413","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology linking multihospital clusters of opportunistic Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia","volume":"57","author":"Nankivell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3182a1618c","article-title":"Outbreak of Pneumocystis pneumonia in renal and liver transplant patients caused by genotypically distinct strains of Pneumocystis jirovecii","volume":"96","author":"Rostved","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2013.10.003","article-title":"Characteristics of Pneumocystis pneumonia in Nancy from January 2007 to April 2011 and focus on an outbreak in nephrology","volume":"24","author":"Debourgogne","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mycol. Med."},{"key":"ref_328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.136594","article-title":"Outbreak of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in renal transplant recipients on prophylaxis: Our observation and experience","volume":"32","author":"Chandola","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_329","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gits-Muselli, M., Peraldi, M.N., de Castro, N., Delcey, V., Menotti, J., Guigue, N., Hamane, S., Raffoux, E., Bergeron, A., and Valade, S. (2015). New short tandem repeat-based molecular typing method for Pneumocystis jirovecii reveals intrahospital transmission between patients from different wards. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125763"},{"key":"ref_330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00133-16","article-title":"epidemiological outbreaks of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia are not limited to kidney transplant recipients: Genotyping confirms common source of transmission in a liver transplantation unit","volume":"54","author":"Desoubeaux","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.11.012","article-title":"Pneumocystis pneumonia outbreak among renal transplant recipients at a North American transplant center: Risk factors and implications for infection control","volume":"44","author":"Mulpuru","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.12.017","article-title":"Molecular epidemiologic analysis of a Pneumocystis pneumonia outbreak among renal transplant patients","volume":"22","author":"Urabe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_333","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.11.005","article-title":"Investigation of outbreaks of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in two Scottish renal units","volume":"96","author":"Inkster","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_334","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00700","article-title":"Molecular demonstration of a Pneumocystis outbreak in stem cell transplant patients: Evidence for transmission in the daycare center","volume":"8","author":"Robin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_335","first-page":"568","article-title":"Diffusion of Pneumocystis jirovecii in the surrounding air of patients with Pneumocystis colonization: Frequency and putative risk factors","volume":"55","author":"Frealle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_336","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.06.027","article-title":"Diversity of Pneumocystis jirovecii across Europe: A multicentre observational study","volume":"22","author":"Alanio","year":"2017","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_337","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2016.274","article-title":"Grouped cases of pulmonary pneumocystosis after solid organ transplantation: Advantages of coordination by an infectious diseases unit for overall management and epidemiological monitoring","volume":"38","author":"Wintenberger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_338","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2308.161295","article-title":"Added Value of Next-generation sequencing for multilocus sequence typing analysis of a Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia outbreak1","volume":"23","author":"Charpentier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_339","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2017.09.015","article-title":"Investigation of nosocomial Pneumocystis infections: Usefulness of longitudinal screening of epidemic and post-epidemic Pneumocystis genotypes","volume":"99","author":"Nevez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12823","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Pneumocystis jirovecii from a cluster of cases of pneumonia in renal transplant patients: Cross-sectional study","volume":"61","author":"Ricci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12880","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12880","article-title":"Single-center outbreak of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in heart transplant recipients","volume":"20","author":"Veronese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_342","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-6131-0","article-title":"Prevalence and genotyping of Pneumocystis jirovecii in renal transplant recipients-preliminary report","volume":"118","author":"Szydlowicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_343","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14108","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.14108","article-title":"Long-lasting cluster of nosocomial pneumonia with a single Pneumocystis jirovecii genotype involving different organ allograft recipients","volume":"34","author":"Dufresne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_344","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.01.018","article-title":"Systematic review of outbreaks of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: Evidence that P. jirovecii is a transmissible organism and the implications for healthcare infection control","volume":"93","author":"Yiannakis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis810","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii genotypes involved in Pneumocystis pneumonia outbreaks among renal transplant recipients","volume":"56","author":"Hauser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_346","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis217","article-title":"Outbreaks of Pneumocystis pneumonia in 2 renal transplant centers linked to a single strain of Pneumocystis: Implications for transmission and virulence","volume":"54","author":"Sassi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.20.5.887-890.1984","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii antigenemia in adults with malignancy, infection, or pulmonary disease","volume":"20","author":"Pifer","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2007.088104","article-title":"Pneumocystis colonisation is common among hospitalised HIV infected patients with non-Pneumocystis pneumonia","volume":"63","author":"Davis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_349","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1102.040487","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii in general population","volume":"11","author":"Medrano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1086\/649868","article-title":"Pneumocystis colonization is highly prevalent in the autopsied lungs of the general population","volume":"50","author":"Ponce","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2004.01317.x","article-title":"Association between human-Pneumocystis infection and small-cell lung carcinoma","volume":"34","author":"Varela","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_352","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200401-094OC","article-title":"Association of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severity and Pneumocystis colonization","volume":"170","author":"Morris","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_353","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2005.01337.x","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii colonisation in patients with interstitial lung disease","volume":"12","author":"Vidal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_354","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1086\/319340","article-title":"Search for primary infection by Pneumocystis carinii in a cohort of normal, healthy infants","volume":"32","author":"Vargas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-017-3011-z","article-title":"High transient colonization by Pneumocystis jirovecii between mothers and newborn","volume":"176","author":"Vera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_356","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10740","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10740","article-title":"Genome analysis of three Pneumocystis species reveals adaptation mechanisms to life exclusively in mammalian hosts","volume":"7","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_357","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02878-19","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02878-19","article-title":"Diversity and complexity of the large surface protein family in the compacted genomes of multiple Pneumocystis species","volume":"11","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_358","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1086\/382486","article-title":"Quantitative real-time polymerase chain-reaction assay allows characterization of Pneumocystis infection in immunocompetent mice","volume":"189","author":"Vestereng","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_359","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weissenbacher-Lang, C., Blasi, B., Bauer, P., Binanti, D., Bittermann, K., Ergin, L., Hogler, C., Hogler, T., Klier, M., and Matt, J. (2023). Detection of Pneumocystis and morphological description of fungal distribution and severity of infection in thirty-six mammal species. J. Fungi, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9020220"},{"key":"ref_360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro732","article-title":"The damage-response framework of microbial pathogenesis","volume":"1","author":"Casadevall","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5406","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.12.5406-5409.1993","article-title":"Latency is not an inevitable outcome of infection with Pneumocystis carinii","volume":"61","author":"Chen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_362","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.2.595","article-title":"Genetic variation among Pneumocystis carinii hominis isolates in recurrent pneumocystosis","volume":"172","author":"Keely","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_363","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/174.1.141","article-title":"Genetic diversity at the internal transcribed spacer regions of the rRNA operon among isolates of Pneumocystis carinii from AIDS patients with recurrent pneumonia","volume":"174","author":"Tsolaki","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_364","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de la Horra, C., Friaza, V., Morilla, R., Delgado, J., Medrano, F.J., Miller, R.F., de Armas, Y., and Calderon, E.J. (2021). Update on dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) mutations in Pneumocystis jirovecii. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7100856"},{"key":"ref_365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4017","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01848-14","article-title":"Mutational analysis of Pneumocystis jirovecii dihydropteroate synthase and dihydrofolate reductase genes in HIV-infected patients in China","volume":"52","author":"Deng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_366","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1086\/315148","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii dihydropteroate synthase but not dihydrofolate reductase gene mutations correlate with prior trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or dapsone use","volume":"180","author":"Ma","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_367","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2007.10.007","article-title":"2007 guideline for isolation precautions: Preventing transmission of infectious agents in health care settings","volume":"35","author":"Siegel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_368","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e517","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(21)00009-6","article-title":"The Asia-Pacific League of Associations for Rheumatology consensus statements on the management of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"3","author":"Mok","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_369","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.12597","article-title":"Consensus guidelines for the treatment of yeast infections in the haematology, oncology and intensive care setting, 2014","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Intern. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-223335","article-title":"2022 EULAR recommendations for screening and prophylaxis of chronic and opportunistic infections in adults with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases","volume":"82","author":"Fragoulis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.02.009","article-title":"ESCMID study group for infections in compromised hosts (ESGICH) consensus document on the safety of targeted and biological therapies: An infectious diseases perspective (Intracellular signaling pathways: Tyrosine kinase and mTOR inhibitors)","volume":"24","author":"Reinwald","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_372","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-020-04297-8","article-title":"Prophylaxis, diagnosis and therapy of infections in patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy and autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. 2020 update of the recommendations of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO)","volume":"100","author":"Christopeit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_373","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/14397595.2018.1472358","article-title":"Japan College of Rheumatology guideline for the use of methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"29","author":"Kameda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mod. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_374","first-page":"317","article-title":"Recommendations for prevention of infection in systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases","volume":"18","author":"Carreira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reumatol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0000000000000771","article-title":"Guidelines for the prophylaxis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) in children with solid tumors","volume":"39","author":"Proudfoot","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_376","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kez640","article-title":"Rituximab for maintenance of remission in ANCA-associated vasculitis: Expert consensus guidelines","volume":"59","author":"Tieu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_377","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3043","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.18.00374","article-title":"Antimicrobial prophylaxis for adult patients with cancer-related immunosuppression: ASCO and IDSA clinical practice guideline update","volume":"36","author":"Taplitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Fungi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/9\/8\/812\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:23:26Z","timestamp":1760127806000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/9\/8\/812"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]},"references-count":377,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["jof9080812"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof9080812","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-608X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2309-608X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]}}}