{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:52:10Z","timestamp":1787028730323,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Invasive candidiasis, including bloodstream infection (candidemia), encompasses the most severe forms of Candida infection. Several species-specific and non-specific serological assays are commercially available to aid in diagnosis. This study compared the performance of five such biomarker assays. Serum samples from 14 patients with proven or probable invasive candidiasis, and from 10 control patients, were included in the analysis. A total of 50 serum samples were tested using C. albicans germ tube antibody (CAGTA) assay (Vircell), C. albicans IgM, C. albicans IgG and Candida mannan assays (Dynamiker Biotechnology). Among these samples, the \u03b2-1-3-D-glucan (BDG) assay (Fungitell), a laboratory standard for the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis, was positive in 20 (40%), intermediate in five (10%) and negative in 25 (50%). In cases of proven or probable candidemia, the sensitivity and specificity of the BDG assay was 86% and 80%, respectively; the Candida mannan assay, 14% and 86%; the CAGTA test, 57% and 60%; the C. albicans IgM assay, 71% and 60%; and C. albicans IgG assay 29% and 90%. In 4\/8 (50%) cases with multiple serum samples, C. albicans IgM was positive sooner than BDG. Thus, when used as a rule-out test for invasive candidiasis, our data suggest that the C. albicans IgM assay may assist antifungal stewardship (over serum BDG).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9080813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T09:32:35Z","timestamp":1690882355000},"page":"813","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Comparison of \u03b2-1-3-D-Glucan and Candida Mannan Biomarker Assays with Serological Tests for the Diagnosis of Candidemia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Christopher P.","family":"Eades","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester M23 9LT, UK"},{"name":"Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at the Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester M23 9LT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Rafezzan Bin Ahmed","family":"Bakri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at the Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester M23 9LT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey C. Y.","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at the Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester M23 9LT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline B.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at the Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester M23 9LT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilyann","family":"Novak-Frazer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at the Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester M23 9LT, UK"},{"name":"Mycology Reference Centre Manchester (MRCM), ECMM Excellence Centre of Medical Mycology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester M23 9LT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5672-9552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malcolm D.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at the Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester M23 9LT, UK"},{"name":"Mycology Reference Centre Manchester (MRCM), ECMM Excellence Centre of Medical Mycology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester M23 9LT, UK"},{"name":"Manchester Fungal Infection Group (MFIG), Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1071-6040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riina","family":"Rautemaa-Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester M23 9LT, UK"},{"name":"Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at the Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester M23 9LT, UK"},{"name":"Mycology Reference Centre Manchester (MRCM), ECMM Excellence Centre of Medical Mycology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester M23 9LT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bongomin, F., Gago, S., Oladele, R.O., and Denning, D.W. 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