{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T20:44:48Z","timestamp":1782506688832,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mucormycosis (MCM) is a serious invasive fungal disease (IFD) that is associated with high mortality, particularly in immunocompromised patients. A global surge in MCM cases was reported with the COVID-19 pandemic. We analyzed all recorded cases of MCM at the American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC), a tertiary care center in Lebanon, over 14 years. We aimed to identify the incidence, seasonal variation, clinical characteristics of the patients, and predictors of mortality. We conducted a retrospective chart review between 1 January 2008 and 1 January 2023. All patients with proven or probable MCM were included in the study. Proven or probable MCM was defined by positive histopathology and\/or positive cultures. A total of 43 patients were identified as having MCM. Their median age was 53 years, and the majority were males (58.1%). Most of the cases were diagnosed in the autumn season. In total, 67.4% of the patients had hematological malignancies (HMs), and 34.9% had uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (DM). The most common site of involvement was rhino-orbital-cerebral MCM (ROCM) (74%). The annual cases of MCM per 100,000 patient days increased markedly during the years of the COVID-19 pandemic (from 0 to 4.4 cases\/100,000 patient days to 7.5 cases\/100,000 during 2020 and 2021). Liposomal amphotericin (Ampho) B was used as a first-line agent in most of the patients (86%). The median duration of total in-hospital antifungal therapy was 21 days and 51.2% of the patients received step-down therapy with azoles. Surgical debridement and isolated ROCM were significantly associated with survival (p-value: 0.02 and &lt;0.001, respectively). All-cause mortality was 46.7%, with chronic renal disease being significantly associated with mortality (p-value &lt; 0.05). The incidence of MCM has been increasing at our institution, particularly since the COVID-19 pandemic. Early diagnosis, treatment, and surgical debridement improve patient outcomes and overall survival.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9080824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T11:23:03Z","timestamp":1691061783000},"page":"824","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Mucormycosis: A 14-Year Retrospective Study from a Tertiary Care Center in Lebanon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Fatima","family":"Allaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 110236, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnny","family":"Zakhour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 110236, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah B.","family":"Nahhal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 110236, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karim","family":"Koussa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 110236, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0027-8446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elio R.","family":"Bitar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 110236, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8965-3619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony","family":"Ghanem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 110236, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5035-0370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martine","family":"Elbejjani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 110236, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6413-3396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Souha S.","family":"Kanj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 110236, Lebanon"},{"name":"Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Beirut 110236, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2021.03.009","article-title":"Mucormycosis","volume":"35","author":"Steinbrink","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. 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