{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T23:54:18Z","timestamp":1784332458624,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We studied the risk factors, etiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment outcomes of COVID-19-associated invasive candidiasis (COVID-IC) in adult patients admitted to six medical facilities in St. Petersburg. (November 2020\u2013December 2022). In this retrospective study, we included 72 patients with COVID-IC with a median age of 61 years (range 29\u201396), 51% of whom were women. The predisposing factors for COVID-IC were a central venous catheter (CVC) for more than 10 days (the odds ratio (OR) = 70 [15\u2013309]), abdominal surgical treatment performed in the previous 2 weeks (OR = 8.8 [1.9\u201340.3]), bacteremia (OR = 10.6 [4.8\u201323.3]), pulmonary ventilation (OR = 12.9 [5.9\u201328.4]), and hemodialysis (OR = 11.5 [2.5\u201350.8]). The signs and symptoms of COVID-IC were non-specific: fever (59%), renal failure (33%), liver failure (23%), and cardiovascular failure (10%). Candida albicans (41%) predominated among the pathogens of the candidemia. The multidrug-resistant Candida species C. auris (23%) and C. glabrata (5%) were also identified. Empirical therapy was used in 21% of COVID-IC patients: azole-93%, echinocandin\u20137%. The majority of COVID-IC patients (79%) received, after laboratory confirmation of the diagnosis of IC, fluconazole (47%), voriconazole (25%), echinocandin (26%), and amphotericin B (2)%. The 30 days overall survival rate was 45%. The prognosis worsened concomitant bacteremia, hemodialysis, and long-term therapy by systemic glucocorticosteroids (SGCs), bronchial colonization with Candida spp. The survival prognosis was improved by the early change\/replacement of CVC (within 24 h), the initiation of empirical therapy, and the use of echinocandin. Conclusions: We highlighted the risk factors that predispose COVID-19 patients to candidiasis and worsen the survival prognosis. Their individual effects in patients with COVID-19 must be well understood to prevent the development of opportunistic co-infections that drastically lower chances of survival.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9090927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T04:06:13Z","timestamp":1694750773000},"page":"927","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Invasive Candidiasis in Adult Patients with COVID-19: Results of a Multicenter Study in St. Petersburg, Russia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2467-4945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Kozlova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kashkin Research Institute of Medical Mycology; North-Western State Medical University Named after I.I. Mechnikov, 191015 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Burygina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kashkin Research Institute of Medical Mycology; North-Western State Medical University Named after I.I. Mechnikov, 191015 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofya","family":"Khostelidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kashkin Research Institute of Medical Mycology; North-Western State Medical University Named after I.I. Mechnikov, 191015 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3272-5263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Shadrivova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kashkin Research Institute of Medical Mycology; North-Western State Medical University Named after I.I. Mechnikov, 191015 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrey","family":"Saturnov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leningrad Regional Hospital, 194291 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Gusev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botkin\u2019s Hospital, 195067 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandr","family":"Rysev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Petersburg Research Institute of Emergency Medicine n.a. I.I. Dzhanelidze, 192242 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anatoliy","family":"Zavrazhnov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City Mariinskaya Hospital, 191014 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0296-0481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Vashukova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botkin\u2019s Hospital, 195067 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Galina","family":"Pichugina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Petersburg Research Institute of Emergency Medicine n.a. I.I. Dzhanelidze, 192242 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikhail","family":"Mitichkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City Mariinskaya Hospital, 191014 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3314-2876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergey","family":"Kovyrshin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kashkin Research Institute of Medical Mycology; North-Western State Medical University Named after I.I. Mechnikov, 191015 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Bogomolova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kashkin Research Institute of Medical Mycology; North-Western State Medical University Named after I.I. Mechnikov, 191015 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulia","family":"Borzova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kashkin Research Institute of Medical Mycology; North-Western State Medical University Named after I.I. Mechnikov, 191015 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellina","family":"Oganesyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kashkin Research Institute of Medical Mycology; North-Western State Medical University Named after I.I. Mechnikov, 191015 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalya","family":"Vasilyeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kashkin Research Institute of Medical Mycology; North-Western State Medical University Named after I.I. Mechnikov, 191015 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6095-7531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolay","family":"Klimko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kashkin Research Institute of Medical Mycology; North-Western State Medical University Named after I.I. Mechnikov, 191015 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Working Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa248","article-title":"Dysregulation of Immune Response in Patients with Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China","volume":"71","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. 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