{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:52:11Z","timestamp":1787028731060,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]],"date-time":"2023-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Military Infectious Diseases Research Program (MIDRP)","award":["MI220079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MI220079"]}]},{"name":"Henry Schueler Foundation Scholar in Mucormycosis","award":["MI220079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MI220079"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mucorales species cause debilitating, life-threatening sinopulmonary diseases in immunocompromised patients and penetrating wounds in trauma victims. Common antifungal agents against mucormycosis have significant toxicity and are often ineffective. To evaluate treatments against mucormycosis, sporangiospores are typically used for in vitro assays and in pre-clinical animal models of pulmonary infections. However, in clinical cases of wound mucormycosis caused by traumatic inoculation, hyphal elements found in soil are likely the form of the inoculated organism. In this study, Galleria mellonella larvae were infected with either sporangiospores or hyphae of Rhizopus arrhizus and Lichtheimia corymbifera. Hyphal infections resulted in greater and more rapid larval lethality than sporangiospores, with an approximate 10\u201316-fold decrease in LD50 of hyphae for R. arrhizus (p = 0.03) and L. corymbifera (p = 0.001). Liposomal amphotericin B, 10 mg\/kg, was ineffective against hyphal infection, while the same dosage was effective against infections produced by sporangiospores. Furthermore, in vitro, antifungal susceptibility studies show that minimum inhibitory concentrations of several antifungal agents against hyphae were higher when compared to those of sporangiospores. These findings support using hyphal elements of Mucorales species for virulence testing and antifungal drug screening in vitro and in G. mellonella for studies of wound mucormycosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9100958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T04:15:38Z","timestamp":1695615338000},"page":"958","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Hyphae of Rhizopus arrhizus and Lichtheimia corymbifera Are More Virulent and Resistant to Antifungal Agents Than Sporangiospores In Vitro and in Galleria mellonella"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5760-9437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rex Jeya Rajkumar","family":"Samdavid Thanapaul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wound Infections Department, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"},{"name":"NRC Research Associateship Programs, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Washington, DC 20001, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashleigh","family":"Roberds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wound Infections Department, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kariana E.","family":"Rios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wound Infections Department, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"},{"name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Innovative Therapeutics and Diagnostics, Richmond, VA 23220, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander G.","family":"Bobrov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wound Infections Department, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2018.03.009","article-title":"Recent Advances in the Pathogenesis of Mucormycoses","volume":"40","author":"Petrikkos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150355","article-title":"Mucormycosis (Black Fungus) Ensuing COVID-19 and Comorbidity Meets\u2014Magnifying Global Pandemic Grieve and Catastrophe Begins","volume":"805","author":"Pushparaj","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usab074","article-title":"Combat-Related Invasive Fungal Wound Infections","volume":"187","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1007\/s12281-020-00385-4","article-title":"Combat Trauma-Related Invasive Fungal Wound Infections","volume":"14","author":"Tribble","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Fungal Infect. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01259-19","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01259-19","article-title":"Molecular Detection of Filamentous Fungi in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Specimens in Invasive Fungal Wound Infections Is Feasible with High Specificity","volume":"58","author":"Ganesan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2012.245","article-title":"Effect of Early Screening for Invasive Fungal Infections in U.S. Service Members with Explosive Blast Injuries","volume":"15","author":"Lloyd","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surg. Infect."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galante, J.M., Martin, M.J., Rodriguez, C.J., and Gordon, W.T. (2018). Managing Dismounted Complex Blast Injuries in Military & Civilian Settings: Guidelines and Principles, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-74672-2"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"S33","article-title":"Infection-Associated Clinical Outcomes in Hospitalized Medical Evacuees Following Traumatic Injury-Trauma Infectious Disease Outcome Study (TIDOS)","volume":"71","author":"Tribble","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s12281-014-0205-y","article-title":"Combat-Related Invasive Fungal Wound Infections","volume":"8","author":"Tribble","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Fungal Infect. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis749","article-title":"Invasive Mold Infections Following Combat-Related Injuries","volume":"55","author":"Warkentien","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881400051X","article-title":"Combat Trauma-Associated Invasive Fungal Wound Infections: Epidemiology and Clinical Classification","volume":"143","author":"Weintrob","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32834ab21e","article-title":"The Emerging Epidemiology of Mould Infections in Developing Countries","volume":"24","author":"Chakrabarti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"7","article-title":"Cutaneous Mucormycosis Caused by Saksenaea vasiformis following Combat-Related Injuries: First Report in Tunisia and Literature Review","volume":"8","author":"Hajjej","year":"2021","journal-title":"EJPMR"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skiada, A., Drogari-Apiranthitou, M., Pavleas, I., Daikou, E., and Petrikkos, G. (2022). Global Cutaneous Mucormycosis: A Systematic Review. J. Fungi, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8020194"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walsh, T.J., Hospenthal, D.R., Petraitis, V., and Kontoyiannis, D.P. (2019). Necrotizing Mucormycosis of Wounds Following Combat Injuries, Natural Disasters, Burns, and Other Trauma. J. Fungi, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof5030057"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carod-Artal, F.J. (2018). Fungal Infections of the Central Nervous System. CNS Infect. A Clin. Approach, 129\u2013156.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70296-4_7"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00056-10","article-title":"Mucormycosis Caused by Unusual Mucormycetes, Non-Rhizopus, -Mucor, and -Lichtheimia Species","volume":"24","author":"Gomes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bao, W., Jin, L., Fu, H., Shen, Y., Lu, G., Mei, H., Cao, X., Wang, H., and Liu, W. (2013). Interleukin-22 Mediates Early Host Defense against Rhizomucor pusilluscan Pathogens. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065065"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.1992.tb00872.x","article-title":"Murine Subcutaneous Granulomatous Zygomycosis Induced by Absidia corymbifera","volume":"35","author":"Jensen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1314","article-title":"Atypical Hyperplasia in Mice Caused by Mucor irregularis and Rhizopus oryzae Isolated from Lethal Midline Granuloma","volume":"38","author":"Ge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mycostema"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis767","article-title":"Tacrolimus Enhances the Potency of Posaconazole Against Rhizopus oryzae In Vitro and in an Experimental Model of Mucormycosis","volume":"207","author":"Lewis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.108.1.171","article-title":"Activation of Quiescent Mucormycotic Granulomata in Rabbits by Induction of Acute Alloxan Diabetes","volume":"108","author":"Sheldon","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.110.6.845","article-title":"The Development of the Acute Inflammatory Response to Experimental Cutaneous Mucormycosis in Normal and Diabetic Rabbits","volume":"110","author":"Sheldon","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.112.6.1069","article-title":"Tissue Mast Cells and Acute Inflammation in Experimental Cutaneous Mucormycosis of Normal, 48\/80-Treated, and Diabetic Rats","volume":"112","author":"Sheldon","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00040-21","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00040-21","article-title":"In Vivo and In Vitro Impairments in T Helper Cell and Neutrophil Responses against Mucor irregularis in Card9 Knockout Mice","volume":"89","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1080\/00275514.1982.12021481","article-title":"An Unusual Source for Apophysomyces elegans and a Method for Stimulating Sporulation of Saksenaea vasiformis","volume":"74","author":"Ellis","year":"1982","journal-title":"Mycologia"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.26.9.1861-1863.1988","article-title":"Simple Method of Inducing Sporulation by Apophysomyces elegans and Saksenaea vasiformis","volume":"26","author":"Padhye","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curtis, A., Binder, U., and Kavanagh, K. (2022). Galleria mellonella Larvae as a Model for Investigating Fungal\u2014Host Interactions. Front. Fungal Biol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/ffunb.2022.893494"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myy042","article-title":"Galleria mellonella as a Model System to Study Virulence Potential of Mucormycetes and Evaluation of Antifungal Treatment","volume":"57","author":"Maurer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jemel, S., Guillot, J., Kallel, K., Botterel, F., and Dannaoui, E. (2020). Galleria mellonella for the Evaluation of Antifungal Efficacy against Medically Important Fungi, a Narrative Review. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8030390"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"765","article-title":"Outbreaks of Mucorales and the Species Involved","volume":"185","author":"Walther","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaezi, A., Fakhim, H., Ilkit, M., Faeli, L., Fakhar, M., Alinejad, V., Wiederhold, N.P., and Badali, H. (2020). Rapid and Low-Cost Culture-Based Method for Diagnosis of Mucormycosis Using a Mouse Model. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00440"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12237","article-title":"Virulent Strain of Lichtheimia corymbifera Shows Increased Phagocytosis by Macrophages as Revealed by Automated Microscopy Image Analysis","volume":"57","author":"Kraibooj","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882921","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.882921","article-title":"The TLR-NF-KB Axis Contributes to the Monocytic Inflammatory Response against a Virulent Strain of Lichtheimia corymbifera, a Causative Agent of Invasive Mucormycosis","volume":"13","author":"Hartung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2017.1360460","article-title":"Ketoacidosis Alone Does Not Predispose to Mucormycosis by Lichtheimia in a Murine Pulmonary Infection Model","volume":"8","author":"Schulze","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartze, V.U., Hoffmann, K., Nyilasi, I., Papp, T., V\u00e1gv\u00f6lgyi, C., de Hoog, S., Voigt, K., and Jacobsen, I.D. (2012). Lichtheimia Species Exhibit Differences in Virulence Potential. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040908"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02088921","article-title":"A Physiological Study of Saksenaea vasiformis Saksena","volume":"33","author":"Baijal","year":"1967","journal-title":"Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5243","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.10.5243-5246.2005","article-title":"Quality Control and Reference Guidelines for CLSI Broth Microdilution Susceptibility Method (M38-A Document) for Amphotericin B, Itraconazole, Posaconazole, and Voriconazole","volume":"43","author":"Fothergill","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01222-09","article-title":"Comparative Pharmacodynamics of Amphotericin B Lipid Complex and Liposomal Amphotericin B in a Murine Model of Pulmonary Mucormycosis","volume":"54","author":"Lewis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Powers-Fletcher, M.V., Kendall, B.A., Griffin, A.T., and Hanson, K.E. (2016). Filamentous Fungi. Microbiol. Spectr., 4.","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.DMIH2-0002-2015"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"81","article-title":"Occurrence of Important Mucormycosis Agents in the Soil of Populous Areas of Isfahan and Their Pathogenicity in Immunocompromised Patients","volume":"10","author":"Ziaee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pure Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.048504-0","article-title":"Biofilm Formation by Zygomycetes: Quantification, Structure and Matrix Composition","volume":"157","author":"Singh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"43","article-title":"Biofilm Morphologies of Plant Pathogenic Fungi","volume":"4","author":"Harding","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Plant Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villa, F., Cappitelli, F., Cortesi, P., and Kunova, A. (2017). Fungal Biofilms: Targets for the Development of Novel Strategies in Plant Disease Management. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00654"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6968.12310","article-title":"Biofilm Formation by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cucumerinum and Susceptibility to Environmental Stress","volume":"350","author":"Peiqian","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Ganesan, A., and Tribble, D. (2018). Tissue-Based Molecular Diagnostics Evaluation in Combat-Related Invasive Fungal Wound Infections, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU)."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020484118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2020484118","article-title":"Immune Cells Fold and Damage Fungal Hyphae","volume":"118","author":"Bain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1086\/428503","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b3 and Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Augment the Activity of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes against Medically Important Zygomycetes","volume":"191","author":"Simitsopoulou","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S61","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir869","article-title":"Host Defenses against Zygomycetes","volume":"54","author":"Roilides","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1255","article-title":"Immunity to Fungal Infections","volume":"4","author":"Romani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-015-1858-6","article-title":"Mononuclear Phagocyte-Mediated Antifungal Immunity: The Role of Chemotactic Receptors and Ligands","volume":"72","author":"Swamydas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2005.00659.x","article-title":"Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Capture and Kill Candida albicans Yeast and Hyphal Forms","volume":"8","author":"Urban","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ftab013","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftab013","article-title":"Fungal Immunity and Pathogenesis in Mammals versus the Invertebrate Model Organism Galleria mellonella","volume":"79","author":"Casadevall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, T.C., de Barros, P.P., Fugisaki, L.R.d.O., Rossoni, R.D., Ribeiro, F.d.C., de Menezes, R.T., Junqueira, J.C., and Scorzoni, L. (2018). Recent Advances in the Use of Galleria mellonella Model to Study Immune Responses against Human Pathogens. J. Fungi, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof4040128"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2017.1368942","article-title":"Immune Responses to Mucorales Growth Forms: Do We Know Everything?","volume":"8","author":"Roilides","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"321","article-title":"Fungal Biomass Is a Key Factor Affecting Polymorphonuclear Leucocyte-Induced Hyphal Damage of Filamentous Fungi","volume":"53","author":"Antachopoulos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780600644878","article-title":"Relationship between Metabolism and Biomass of Medically Important Zygomycetes","volume":"44","author":"Antachopoulos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq276","article-title":"In Vitro and in Vivo Activities of Posaconazole against Zygomycetes with Various Degrees of Susceptibility","volume":"65","author":"Spreghini","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Labuda, R., Bernreiter, A., Hochenauer, D., Sch\u00fcller, C., Kub\u00e1tov\u00e1, A., Strauss, J., and Wagner, M. (2019). Saksenaea dorisiae sp. nov., a New Opportunistic Pathogenic Fungus from Europe. Int. J. Microbiol., 2019.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6253829"}],"container-title":["Journal of Fungi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/9\/10\/958\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:56:40Z","timestamp":1760129800000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/9\/10\/958"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["jof9100958"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof9100958","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-608X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2309-608X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]]}}}