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Strongyloidiasis is a chronic gastrointestinal infection caused by parasites of the genus Strongyloides. Cryptococcosis and strongyloidiasis affect the lungs and are more prevalent in the same world regions, i.e., Africa and tropical countries such as Brazil. It is undeniable that those coincidences may lead to the occurrence of coinfections. However, there are no studies focused on the interaction between Cryptococcus spp. and Strongyloides spp. In this work, we aimed to investigate the interaction between Strongyloides venezuelensis (Sv) and Cryptococcus gattii (Cg) in a murine coinfection model. Murine macrophage exposure to Sv antigens reduced their ability to engulf Cg and produce reactive oxygen species, increasing the ability of fungal growth intracellularly. We then infected mice with both pathogens. Sv infection skewed the host\u2019s response to fungal infection, increasing lethality in a murine coinfection model. In addition to increased NO levels and arginase activity, coinfected mice presented a classic Th2 anti-Sv response: eosinophilia, higher levels of alternate activated macrophages (M2), increased concentrations of CCL24 and IL-4, and lower levels of IL-1\u03b2. This milieu favored fungal growth in the lungs with prominent translocation to the brain, increasing the host\u2019s tissue damage. In conclusion, our data shows that primary Sv infection promotes Th2 bias of the pulmonary response to Cg-infection and worsens its pathological outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9100968","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T08:58:17Z","timestamp":1695718697000},"page":"968","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Th2 Response and Alternative Activation of Macrophages Triggered by Strongyloides venezuelensis Is Linked to Increased Morbidity and Mortality Due to Cryptococcosis in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ludmila","family":"Gouveia-Eufrasio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiologia, Laborat\u00f3rio de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo Jos\u00e9 Cota","family":"de Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiologia, Laborat\u00f3rio de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0381-9225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marliete Carvalho","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiologia, Laborat\u00f3rio de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eluzia Castro","family":"Peres-Emidio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiologia, Laborat\u00f3rio de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3186-885X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo Henrique Fonseca","family":"Carmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiologia, Laborat\u00f3rio de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Gustavo Mendes","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Parasitologia, Laborat\u00f3rio de Esquistossomose, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle Carvalho","family":"de Rezende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Parasitologia, Laborat\u00f3rio de Esquistossomose, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa Fernandes","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Parasitologia, Laborat\u00f3rio de Esquistossomose, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila Bernardo","family":"de Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiologia, Laborat\u00f3rio de Intera\u00e7\u00e3o Microrganismo-Hospedeiro, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3763-2776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme Silva","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Parasitologia, Laborat\u00f3rio de Esquistossomose, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e2mela Aparecida","family":"de Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Patologia, Laborat\u00f3rio de Patologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00edvia Mara Vitorino","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiologia, Laborat\u00f3rio de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jefferson Bruno Soares","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Patologia, Laborat\u00f3rio de Patologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiane Alves","family":"da Paix\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Patologia, Laborat\u00f3rio de Patologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"da Gl\u00f3ria de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiologia, Laborat\u00f3rio de Intera\u00e7\u00e3o Microrganismo-Hospedeiro, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6747-5233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caio Tavares","family":"Fagundes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiologia, Laborat\u00f3rio de Intera\u00e7\u00e3o Microrganismo-Hospedeiro, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2762-3200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nalu Teixeira de Aguiar","family":"Peres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiologia, Laborat\u00f3rio de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7670-5216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deborah Aparecida","family":"Negr\u00e3o-Correa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Parasitologia, Laborat\u00f3rio de Esquistossomose, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1108-5666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Assis","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de 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