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Upon initial contact with the host, the pathogen needs to uptake micronutrients. Nitrogen is an essential source for biosynthetic pathways. Adaptation to nutritional stress is a key feature of fungi in host tissues. Fungi utilize nitrogen sources through Nitrogen Catabolite Repression (NCR). NCR ensures the scavenging, uptake and catabolism of alternative nitrogen sources, when preferential ones, such as glutamine or ammonium, are unavailable. The NanoUPLC-MSE proteomic approach was used to investigate the NCR response of Paracoccidioides lutzii after growth on proline or glutamine as a nitrogen source. A total of 338 differentially expressed proteins were identified. P. lutzii demonstrated that gluconeogenesis, \u03b2-oxidation, glyoxylate cycle, adhesin-like proteins, stress response and cell wall remodeling were triggered in NCR-proline conditions. In addition, within macrophages, yeast cells trained under NCR-proline conditions showed an increased ability to survive. In general, this study allows a comprehensive understanding of the NCR response employed by the fungus to overcome nutritional starvation, which in the human host is represented by nutritional immunity. In turn, the pathogen requires rapid adaptation to the changing microenvironment induced by macrophages to achieve successful infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9111102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T02:02:42Z","timestamp":1699840962000},"page":"1102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Proteomics of Paracoccidioides lutzii: Overview of Changes Triggered by Nitrogen Catabolite Repression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Vanessa Rafaela Milhomem","family":"Cruz-Leite","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences II, Federal University of Goi\u00e1s, Goi\u00e2nia 74690-900, GO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 Lu\u00eds Elias","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences II, Federal University of Goi\u00e1s, Goi\u00e2nia 74690-900, GO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1655-9576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lana O\u2019Hara Souza","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences II, Federal University of Goi\u00e1s, Goi\u00e2nia 74690-900, GO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moises Morais","family":"In\u00e1cio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences II, Federal University of Goi\u00e1s, Goi\u00e2nia 74690-900, GO, Brazil"},{"name":"Est\u00e1cio de Goi\u00e1s University Center\u2014FESGO, Goi\u00e2nia 74063-010, GO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2666-9701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana Alves","family":"Parente-Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences II, Federal University of Goi\u00e1s, Goi\u00e2nia 74690-900, GO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Orville Hernandez","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MICROBA Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Microbiology, School of Microbiology, University of Antioquia, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4181-142X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone Schneider","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79304-902, MS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5378-9840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9lia Maria de Almeida","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences II, Federal University of Goi\u00e1s, Goi\u00e2nia 74690-900, GO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9914-8771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clayton Luiz","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences II, Federal University of Goi\u00e1s, Goi\u00e2nia 74690-900, GO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez, R. 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