{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T17:57:48Z","timestamp":1791568668905,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,2]],"date-time":"2023-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China, Key instrument Research and development Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61927819"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61927819"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China, Key instrument Research and development Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20219990012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20219990012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China, Key instrument Research and development Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["(405-10001000221) 2021Z99CFY032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(405-10001000221) 2021Z99CFY032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine, Tsinghua University","award":["61927819"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61927819"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine, Tsinghua University","award":["20219990012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20219990012"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine, Tsinghua University","award":["(405-10001000221) 2021Z99CFY032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(405-10001000221) 2021Z99CFY032"]}]},{"name":"Tsinghua University Chunfeng Fund domestic research Project","award":["61927819"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61927819"]}]},{"name":"Tsinghua University Chunfeng Fund domestic research Project","award":["20219990012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20219990012"]}]},{"name":"Tsinghua University Chunfeng Fund domestic research Project","award":["(405-10001000221) 2021Z99CFY032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(405-10001000221) 2021Z99CFY032"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: The aim of this study is to establish a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method for the rapid detection of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Methods: We developed and validated a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method for detecting the most common Candida species associated with VVC, including C. albicans, N. glabratus, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis. We evaluated the specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and Kappa value of the LAMP method to detect different Candida species, using the conventional culture method and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing as gold standards and smear Gram staining and real-time Rolymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) as controls. Results: A total of 202 cases were enrolled, of which 88 were VVC-positive and 114 were negative. Among the 88 positive patients, the fungal culture and ITS sequencing results showed that 67 cases (76.14%) were associated with C. albicans, 13 (14.77%) with N. glabratus, 5 (5.68%) with C. tropicalis, and 3 (3.41%) with other species. Regarding the overall detection rate, the LAMP method presented sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and Kappa values of 90.91%, 100%, 100%, 93.4%, and 0.919, respectively. Moreover, the LAMP had a specificity of 100% for C. albicans, N. glabratus, and C. tropicalis, with a sensitivity of 94.03%, 100%, and 80%, respectively. Moreover, the microscopy evaluation had the highest sensitivity, while the real-time PCR was less specific for C. albicans than LAMP. In addition, CHROMagar Candida was inferior to LAMP in detecting non-albicans Candida (NAC) species. Conclusions: Based on the cost-effective, rapid, and inexpensive characteristics of LAMP, coupled with the high sensitivity and specificity of our VVC-associated Candida detection method, we provided a possibility for the point-of-care testing (POCT) of VVC, especially in developing countries and some laboratories with limited resources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9121159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,2]],"date-time":"2023-12-02T13:45:41Z","timestamp":1701524741000},"page":"1159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP): Potential Point-of-Care Testing for Vulvovaginal Candidiasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Meng","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangyu","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingyun","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2361-514X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongbo","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Spacecraft System Engineering, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anni","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeyin","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juhyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenqi","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leyang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinping","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoliang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School 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