{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T20:22:52Z","timestamp":1776457372730,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]],"date-time":"2023-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["2018\/24077-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/24077-6"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["05\/2023\/PROPe"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["05\/2023\/PROPe"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["2021\/13772-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/13772-8"]}]},{"name":"LIM50-FMUSP","award":["2018\/24077-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/24077-6"]}]},{"name":"LIM50-FMUSP","award":["05\/2023\/PROPe"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["05\/2023\/PROPe"]}]},{"name":"LIM50-FMUSP","award":["2021\/13772-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/13772-8"]}]},{"name":"PROPe-UNESP","award":["2018\/24077-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/24077-6"]}]},{"name":"PROPe-UNESP","award":["05\/2023\/PROPe"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["05\/2023\/PROPe"]}]},{"name":"PROPe-UNESP","award":["2021\/13772-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/13772-8"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"FAPESP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\/24077-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/24077-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"FAPESP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["05\/2023\/PROPe"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["05\/2023\/PROPe"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"FAPESP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021\/13772-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/13772-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["2018\/24077-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/24077-6"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["05\/2023\/PROPe"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["05\/2023\/PROPe"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["2021\/13772-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/13772-8"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The pathogenesis of chromoblastomycosis (CBM) is associated with Th2 and\/or T regulatory immune responses, while resistance is associated with a Th1 response. However, even in the presence of IFN-\u03b3, fungi persist in the lesions, and the reason for this persistence is unknown. To clarify the factors associated with pathogenesis, this study aimed to determine the polarization of the cellular immune response and the densities of cells that express markers of exhaustion in the skin of CBM patients. In the skin of patients with CBM, a moderate inflammatory infiltrate was observed, characterized primarily by the occurrence of histiocytes. Analysis of fungal density allowed us to divide patients into groups that exhibited low and high fungal densities; however, the intensity of the inflammatory response was not related to mycotic loads. Furthermore, patients with CBM exhibited a significant increase in the number of CD4+ and CD8+ cells associated with a high density of IL-10-, IL-17-, and IFN-\u03b3-producing cells, indicating the presence of a chronic and mixed cellular immune response, which was also independent of fungal load. A significant increase in the number of PD-1+ and PD-L1+ cells was observed, which may be associated with the maintenance of the fungus in the skin and the progression of the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9121172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]],"date-time":"2023-12-07T03:35:31Z","timestamp":1701920131000},"page":"1172","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["New Immunological Markers in Chromoblastomycosis\u2014The Importance of PD-1 and PD-L1 Molecules in Human Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4462-1952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Italo N.","family":"Cavallone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biosciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Pra\u00e7a Infante Dom Henrique, s\/n, S\u00e3o Vicente 11330-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases (LIM50), Department of Pathology, Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo University, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Walter","family":"Belda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Department, Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo University, Clinics Hospital, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2835-3724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline Heleno C.","family":"de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Department, Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo University, Clinics Hospital, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1080-2440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcia D.","family":"Laurenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Department, Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo University, Clinics Hospital, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5986-6381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiz Felipe D.","family":"Passero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biosciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Pra\u00e7a Infante Dom Henrique, s\/n, S\u00e3o Vicente 11330-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute for Advanced Studies of Ocean (IEAMAR), S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Jo\u00e3o Francisco Bensdorp, 1178, S\u00e3o Vicente 11350-011, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023). 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