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Considering the small existing therapeutic arsenal, new treatment approaches are still required. Chitosan, a linear polysaccharide obtained from partial chitin deacetylation, has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-toxicity properties. Chitosan with different deacetylation degrees and molecular weights has been explored as a potential agent against fungal pathogens. In this study, the chitosan antifungal activity against H. capsulatum was evaluated using the broth microdilution assay, obtaining minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 32 to 128 \u00b5g\/mL in the filamentous phase and 8 to 64 \u00b5g\/mL in the yeast phase. Chitosan combined with classical antifungal drugs showed a synergic effect, reducing chitosan\u2019s MICs by 32 times, demonstrating that there were no antagonistic interactions relating to any of the strains tested. A synergism between chitosan and amphotericin B or itraconazole was detected in the yeast-like form for all strains tested. For H. capsulatum biofilms, chitosan reduced biomass and metabolic activity by about 40% at 512 \u00b5g\/mL. In conclusion, studying chitosan as a therapeutic strategy against Histoplasma capsulatum is promising, mainly considering its numerous possible applications, including its combination with other compounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9121201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T11:26:52Z","timestamp":1702639612000},"page":"1201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Antifungal Activity of Chitosan against Histoplasma capsulatum in Planktonic and Biofilm Forms: A Therapeutic Strategy in the Future?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Raimunda S\u00e2mia Nogueira","family":"Brilhante","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Rua Bar\u00e3o de Canind\u00e9, 210, Montese, Fortaleza 60425-540, CE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anderson da Cunha","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Rua Bar\u00e3o de Canind\u00e9, 210, Montese, Fortaleza 60425-540, CE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jac\u00f3 Ricarte Lima de","family":"Mesquita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 Hospital, Fortaleza 60455-610, CE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gessica","family":"dos Santos Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate in Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, State University of Cear\u00e1, Dr. Silas Munguba Avenue, 1700, Itaperi Campus, Fortaleza 60714-903, CE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosemeyre Souza","family":"Freire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytical Center, Department of Physics, Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza 60020-181, CE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Victor Serra","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytical Center, Department of Physics, Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza 60020-181, CE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Augusto Feynman Dias","family":"Nobre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Rua Bar\u00e3o de Canind\u00e9, 210, Montese, Fortaleza 60425-540, CE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mirele Rodrigues","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Rua Bar\u00e3o de Canind\u00e9, 210, Montese, Fortaleza 60425-540, CE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcos F\u00e1bio Gadelha","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate in Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, State University of Cear\u00e1, Dr. Silas Munguba Avenue, 1700, Itaperi Campus, Fortaleza 60714-903, CE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Waldemiro de Aquino","family":"Pereira Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Rua Bar\u00e3o de Canind\u00e9, 210, Montese, Fortaleza 60425-540, CE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Crouzier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Chemistry, Division of Glycoscience, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6372-0249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrike","family":"Schimpf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Chemistry, Division of Glycoscience, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo Silveira","family":"Viera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza 60440-900, CE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.10.011","article-title":"Molecular Regulation of Histoplasma Dimorphism","volume":"52","author":"Sil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. 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